NepMed Repository :: Browsing by Author "Bhargava, D"

Browsing by Author "Bhargava, D"

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Antioxidant Properties of the Leaves of Chromolaena odorata Linn
(Institute of Medicine, 2013) Bhargava, D; Mondal, C K; Shivapuri, J N; Mondal, S; Kar, S
Abstract Introduction: Chromolaena odorata Linn (Asteraceae) locally known as “Banmara” has the reputation of being used as a medicinal herb in Nepal. A systemic search for drug research in now considered to be a rational approach. Therefore in the present study an effort has been made to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the leaves of the above mentioned plant. Methods: In the present research work the ethanolic and methanolic extract of leaves of the plant C. odorata Linn was assessed for free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity. In this work the ability of the extract to scavenge nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical and 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were used to assess its free radical scavenging potentials. Results: The DPPH radical inhibition (%) was 59.10, 52.13 and 81.12 for ethanolic extract, methanolic extract and ascorbic acid respectively. Similarly ethanolic and methanolic extract also showed significant free radical scavenging action against nitric oxide and hydroxyl radical. Conclusion: Against the backdrop of many known medicinal properties of this plant its ethanolic and methanolic extract of leaves reveals significant antioxidant properties. Keywords: Chromolaena odorata, Extraction, Antioxidant properties
Comparison of Ziehl-Neelsen staining microscopy and immunochromatographic tuberculosis test for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis
(Institute of Medicine, 2006) Rai, DR; Kshetry, NT; Bhargava, D; Pokharel, BM
Abstract Background: Tuberculosis continues to be a great public health problem in Nepal. The evaluation of suitable diagnostic method to diagnose tuberculosis is urged. Methods: Three consecutive early morning sputum collected from 413 patients were subjected to ZN staining and serum from 224 patients to ICT-TB test. Results: Overall positive results of Z-N staining and ICT-TB test were 13.1% and 14.3%, respectively. In ICT-TB test, males were found more positive (14.7%) than females (13.9%)(P>0.05) but in microscopy, it was vice-versa (P>0.05). Age group 41-60 was significantly more seropositive compare to younger, however, in combination it wasn’t significant (P>0.05). Alcoholics were significantly high (25.5%)(P<0.05) and smokers were marginally high (17.3%) (P>0.05) AFB positive compared to nonalcoholics (11.5%) and non-smokers (11.6%). Students and service men were remarkably lower AFB positive compare to farmers and workers but interestingly nobody was found positive among business personnel (P>0.05). Conclusion: Z-N staining microscopy is cheaper and equally sensitive hence it is more useful diagnostic tool than ICT-TB test for pulmonary tuberculosis. Keywords: Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Ziehl-Neelsen staining, ICT-TB test, Nepal
Emergence of penicillin resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae
(Institute of Medicine, 2010) Bhargava, D; Sakya, B; K.C, Mondel; Rijal, BP
Abstract Introduction: Since the beginning of the modern chemotherapeutic era, the treatment of gonorrhea has been dogged by the shifting antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Though penicillins have been recommended for treatment of gonorrhoeae, there have been reports of treatment failure with penicillins. In this study, we report the emergence of penicillin resistance N. gonorrhoeae and its antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Methods: Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of N. gonorrhoeae isolates from the male patients was determined by Kirby Bauer’s Disc Diffusion method. The zone size was interpreted according to the Zone size interpretative chart. β-lactamase production was detected by Paper iodometric method. Results: A total of 30 isolates of N. gonorrhoeae were obtained from male patients with suspected acute gonococcal urethritis. Out of the 30 isolates, 18 (60.0%) were resistant to penicillin. Most of the penicillin resistant isolates were from the patients of age group 31 to 40 years (77.8%) followed by 21 to 30 years (53.3%) and 41 to 50 years (50.0%) (P>0.05). All isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxone. Similarly, 6 isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 10 isolates were resistant to tetracycline. βlactamase producer isolates were 16 in number. Conclusions: Penicillin resistant N. gonorrhoeae is on the rise in and around Birgunj. Thus, systematic surveillance of antibiotic sensitivity pattern of N. gonorrhoeae could be effective in detecting emergence of newly resistant strains before they become widespread in the community. Keywords: Antimicrobial susceptibility, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, penicillin
Intestinal Parasitosis
(Institute of Medicine, 2009) Shakya, B; Bhargava, D; Shrestha, S; Rijal, BP
Abstract Introduction :Intestinal parasitosis is highly prevalent among general population and hospital patients in Nepal. The study aimed to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis among patients in a hospital of Nepal. Methods: A retrospective study was done by analyzing the findings of stool examined from April 2006 to March 2008 at Department of Microbiology of the hospital. χ 2_test was used for analytical assessment. Results: Out of 2221 fecal samples, 20.7% were positive, the positivity being 23.9% and 15.8%, respectively in first and second year (P<0.05). Overall infection rate was nearly equal in male and female (20.2% vs. 21.2%). The infection rate was highest among patients of >60 years (25.3%) followed by those of <15 years (21.2%) and 15-59 years (20.1%) ( P>0.05). Ascaris lumbricoides (31.8%) and Entamoeba histolytica (38.0%) were the commonest helminth and protozoa, respectively. Other parasites were Hookworm (18.3%), Hymenolepis nana (2.6%), Taenia solium (2.6%), Strongyloides stercoralis (1.3%) and Giardia lamblia (5.5%). Conclusions: Though, the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis among hospital visiting patients is declining, high detection of A. lumbricoides and E. histolytica signifies the need of public awareness regarding latrine use, water source protection from fecal contamination, proper sanitation and hygienic behavior. Keywords: Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba histolytica, intestinal parasites
Seasonality of tuberculosis among suspect patients visiting National Medical College, Teaching Hospital, Birgunj, Nepal
(Institute of Medicine, 2014) Shidiki, A; Pandit, BR; Bhargava, D; Mondal, S; Rijal, BP
Abstract Introduction: Seasonal variations of tuberculosis have been demonstrated in a number of studies with reported peaks in late winter and early spring or summer. The study was to analyze effect of seasonal variation on tuberculosis suspects across the calendar year. Methods: The research work was conducted in National Medical College & Teaching Hospital from January to December 2012. The sputum samples were collected and processed for acid fast bacilli from suspected tuberculosis patients. Results: Among 1403 suspected tuberculosis patients, 57.0% were male and 43.0% were females. 11.3% male and 4.0% female were present among the suspected cases of tuberculosis. The highest number of cases was in the age group 51-60.There was no any significant difference in between positive cases and age group (P=0.637). The positive cases of tuberculosis were found in 8.7% Muslim and 8.1% Hindu significant difference was not found in religion and tuberculosis (P=0.780%). The highest cases of tuberculosis was detected in June (14.9%) and to decline from august (13.2%) through December (4.4%). There was significant relation for cases and month (P=0.00001). More severe (3+) cases were found more (10.6%) in June, 2+ (4.4%) in July and 1+ (9.7%) in August which was statistically significant (P=0.00001). Conclusion: The seasonal variability of tuberculosis case detection showing mostly a peak in numbers in early spring and summer months. Keywords: Seasonal variation, Tuberculosis, Religion, severity
Species distribution and in vitro antifungal susceptibility patterns of Candida
(Institute of Medicine, 2013) Mondal, S; Mondal, A; Pal, N; Banerjee, P; Kumar, S; Bhargava, D
Abstract Introduction: Due to advance in medical and surgical management nosocomial fungal infection rate has been increased. Recently Candididiasis has become one of the major fungal infections among hospitalized patients. Several Candida species can give rise to same clinical presentations but their antifungal susceptibility patterns may be different. The aim of the study is species identified of Candida, isolated from different clinical samples and to carry out their in vitro antifungal susceptibility tests. Methods: From different clinical samples several Candida species were isolated. Speciation of Candida was done by using Corn meal agar, Chrom agar and Hi-Candida identification kit. In vitro antifungal susceptibility to fluconazole, ketoconazole and amphotericin B was performed by disc diffusion method as per CLSI document M44A. Results: From 108 samples, most common species isolated was C. albicans (42.5%), followed by C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis and C. krusei. Overall 71.87% of isolates were found to be fluconazole sensitive. Fluconazole resistant rate is seen higher in Candida krusei, Candida glabrata, and Candida tropicalis. Ketoconazole was found to be sensitive against 87% of isolates. Amphotericin B was effective against 100% of isolates, although reduced zone size to Amphotericin B was seen by 10 isolates. Conclusion: Speciation of Candida and antifungal susceptibility testing should be done routinely to prevent therapeutic failures. Keywords: Antifungal sensitivity, amphotericin B, Candida albicans, fluconazole

Browsing by Author "Bhargava, D"

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