Browsing by Author "Bhatta, DR"
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Publication Bacteriological study of upper respiratory tract infection in pediatric patients(Institute of Medicine, 2006) Shrestha, A; Sherchand, JB; Sharma, PR; Bhatta, DRAbstract Background: The study was conducted with aims to identify the causative bacterial agents of upper respiratory tract infection ( URTI ) among pediatric patients and to reveal the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the major pathogen during November 2001 to October 2002. Methods: The throat swab samples from 192 children suspected of URTI were obtained from the outpatient department of Kanti Children’s Hospital and inoculated in the culture medium. The bacterial infection was confirmed only in 152 patients. The organisms isolated on medium were identified bytheir cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. Results: The infections were found to be due to S.pyogenes, S. aureus and S. pneumoniae. Most of the infections were due to S.pyogenes. The information obtained during sample collection showed that the high rate of infection was found to be in male patients, in infants and in urban children. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern for the isolated organisms revealed that Amoxycillin and Cephalexin, Erythromycin and Cephalexin were the most effective for S.pyogenes and S. aureus respectively whereas both Amoxycillin and Cephalexin were equally and the most effective for S. pneumoniae. The effective antibiotic for overall URTI was found to be Amoxycillin Conclusion: The study concluded that despite the existence of so many pathogens, and the susceptible antibiotics, Amoxycillin has been found to be the most effective against the pathogens causing URTI among pediatric population. Keywords: antibiotic, susceptible, resistant, acute respiratory infectionPublication Current Fluoroquinolone Susceptibility Criteria for Salmo- nella Needs Re-evaluation(Kathmandu University, 2012) Acharya, D; Malla, S; Bhatta, DR; Adhikari, N; Dumre, SPABSTRACT Background Disc diffusion technique is the routine susceptibility testing procedure for isolates of enteric fever, the most common clinical diagnosis among febrile patients in Nepal. Objective To evaluated the current fluoroquinolones (FQs) susceptibility criteria and nalidixic acid screening test in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A. Methods S. Typhi and Paratyphi A strains isolated from 443 suspected enteric fever patients visiting National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL) during April through October 2008 were analyzed. All isolates were confirmed by standard microbiological procedures including serotyping. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) approved interpretive criteria. Agar dilution method was used to determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and nalidixic acid. Result Out of 41 Salmonella isolates, 80.49% were nalidixic acid resistant, with S. Paratyphi A showing higher resistance rate (88.23%) compared to S. Typhi (75%). The difference in both MIC and zone diameter in nalidixic acid susceptible and nalidixic acid resistant isolates was found to be significant (P < 0.001) and decreased susceptibility to FQs was strongly correlated (sensitivity and specificity of 100%) with resistance to nalidixic acid. Regression analysis of MIC against zone diameter based on the current CLSI recommended guidelines suggests that accommodation of current susceptible and resistant MIC requires increase in the zone diameter of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. Conclusion Before using these drugs for management of enteric fever, appropriate identification of Salmonella isolates with reduced susceptibility to FQs is essential to limit the possible treatment failure and development of highly resistant strains. The current FQs susceptibility break point criteria for Salmonella need re-evaluation. KEY WORDS Enteric fever, Salmonella, Reduced FQ susceptibility, NepalPublication Molecular characterization of rabies virus of Nepal(Institute of Medicine, 2011) Pant, GR; Bhatta, DRAbstract A study was performed to identify the Rabies Virus genomes circulating in Nepal in 2009. Three brain samples, collected from carcass of buffalo, human and dog infected with Rabies were sent to Pasteur Institute, in France for molecular characterization and identification. The entire nucleoprotein genes (NG) of these samples were sequenced and analyzed phylogenically. Sample from buffalo was identified as Indian subcontinent lineage where as samples from human and dog were identified as Arctic lineage of Rabies virus.