Browsing by Author "Gupta, Birendra Prasad"
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Publication Expanding Horizons: Increasing Injectable Vaccine in the Expanded Program on Immunization(Nepal Medical Association, 2024) Gupta, Birendra Prasad; Ghimire, NamitaAbstract The World Health Organization started the Expanded Program on Immunization in 1974, including 6 antigens with up to 8 vaccine doses for childhood vaccination. The number of antigens has now increased to 11 antigens in 21 vaccines. The expansion of vaccination programs to include more antigens and doses has led to concerns about the burden of multiple injections on infants and children, as well as factors such as fear of adverse reactions, pain, and overall acceptability of vaccines. To address these challenges, there's a call for research to focus on developing combined vaccines that can be administered through more acceptable routes, such as oral, nasal, or needleless administration. This approach could potentially reduce the number of injections required and increase the willingness of individuals to receive vaccines. We highlight the importance of ongoing research and innovation in vaccine development and delivery methods to ensure that vaccination programs remain effective, efficient, and acceptable to the communities they serve, particularly in resource-limited settings.Publication Immunogenicity and Safety Profile of Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (Vi-DT) Among Nepali Children(Nepal Health Research Council, 2025) Adhikari, Santosh; Rai, Ganesh Kumar; Chapagain, Ram Hari; Giri, Bishnu Rath; Joshi, Prakash; Shrestha, Nisha Jyoti; Manandhar, Bina Prajapati; Tamang, Suresh Man; Maharjan, Jessica; Thapaliya, Bibesh; Gupta, Birendra Prasad; Kim, Deok Ryun; Vemula, Sridhar; Sahastrabuddhe, Sushant; Saluja, TarunBackground: Typhoid fever remains a major concern in tropical countries. The availability of an effective vaccine could be an important inclusion to currently available interventions. We reported on our evaluation of the immunogenicity and safety of the typhoid conjugate vaccine (Vi-DT) among Nepali children. Methods: The study was an observer blinded, active controlled, randomized phase III clinical trial in children above 6 months and less than 18 years old. Three different lots of Vi-DT(Vi- Diptheria Toxoid); test vaccine and Vi-TT ( Vi-Tetanus Toxoid); comparator vaccines were administered to eligible children. Seroconversion was assessed with blood samples collected at baseline and 4 weeks after the vaccination. A rise of at least 4-fold vi-antibody titer from the baseline was used to indicate positive seroconversion. Data on solicited and unsolicited adverse events were collected. Results: Four hundred and eighty-eight children participated in the study. Seroconversion rate was 98.61% and 98.36% among participants who received Vi-DT and Vi-TT vaccines respectively. One immediate adverse event was observed only for Vi-DT group. One hundred forty-two and 66 solicited AEs within 7 days were observed with test and comparator vaccine respectively. Unsolicited AEs within 28 days were 125 for test vaccine compared and 77 for the comparator vaccine. Two SAEs were reported which were Not- related to study vaccine. Conclusions: The overall seroconversion in Vi DT vaccine was non inferior to the comparator vaccine and the safety profile of the vaccine was good without any life-threatening events. Keywords: Immunogenicity; Nepal; safety profile; typhoid conjugate vaccine; Vi-DT