Browsing by Author "Khanal, S"
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Publication Extended Spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) Producing Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) Urinary Pathogens in a Children Hospital from Nepal(Kathmandu University, 2018) Sharma, KR; Bhandari, P; Adhikari, N; Tripathi, P; Khanal, S; Tiwari, BRABSTRACT Background Multidrug resistant in clinical bacterial isolates has increasingly been reported through out the world and is associated with high morbidity, mortality and increased health care costs. It is important to determine the status of multidrug resistance pattern to understand the current resistance trend so that appropriate antibiotics can be used in practice. Objective To determine the antibiotic resistant profile and prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamase producing multidrug resistant strains in pediatric patients of Kanti Children’s Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Method Urine sample was cultured by standard microbiological techniques and bacterial isolates were identified using different biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and extended spectrum β-lactamase detection was carried out using combined disc method as recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines. Result All together 65 different bacteria were isolated and subsequently identified. E. coli was the most common isolate with 46 (71%) isolates 63% of these isolates were multidrug resistant. Gram negative isolates were most resistant to nalidixic acid (81.97%) followed by ampicillin (69.35%) and co-trimoxazole (69.35%). The extended spectrum β-lactamase producing isolates were 43% among total isolates. Conclusion Higher rate of Extended Spectrum β-lactamase production among multidrug resistant isolates suggested routine extended spectrum β-lactamase testing in clinical isolates. KEY WORDS Antimicrobial, Multidrug resistant, Urinary tract infectionPublication Pharmacovigilance: Urgent need in midwestern region of Nepal(Kathmandu University, 2009) Khanal, S; Gyawali, S; Kanodia, R; Rathor, RSNAPublication Regarding the article “Irrational fixed dose combinations in Nepal: Need for intervention”(Kathmandu University, 2008) Poudel, A; Khanal, S; Alam, K; Palaian, SNAPublication Self-Perception of Halitosis among Undergraduate Students of Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences - A Questionnaire Based Study(Kathmandu University, 2018) Humagain, M; Dixit, S; Bhandari, B; Khanal, S; Singh, PKABSTRACT Background Halitosis is a frequently reported oral health problem worldwide with a prevalence rate of 10-30% in the general population. It is defined as the disagreeable or foul smelling breath originating consistently from a person’s oral cavity. It not only effects the normal daily life activities of the patient but also bring humiliation, reduced self- esteem, ultimately resulting into decreased quality of life. Objective To determine the self-perception of halitosis among undergraduate students of different medical branches of Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS); Kavre, Nepal. Method A descriptive cross-sectional epidemiological survey was conducted among undergraduate students of Physiotherapy, B.Sc Nursing, Bachelor of Nursing Sciences (BNS), MBBS and BDS program of Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel. A self-administered questionnaire was developed and were distributed among 500 undergraduate students. Result Out of total 500 distributed questionnaires, 406 were completely filled and returned giving an overall response of 81.2%, in which 70 (89.7%) male and 280 (85.4%) female students from different medical branches were aware of the term halitosis. Among them 29 (7.14%) of students think that they suffer from halitosis. Similarly 178 (43.84%) students had severe impact of halitosis on their social life while 153 (37.68%) and 62 (15.27%) students had moderate and mild impact respectively. Conclusion Due to the multifactorial complexity of halitosis, further longitudinal studies including objective assessment of malodor are required to determine its prevalence and to further investigate the association of this problem with other etiological factors in the context of Nepal. Also, curriculum of different fields should be modified to include this simple but very necessary topic. KEY WORDS Halitosis, Multifactorial complexity, Self-perception