Browsing by Author "Malik, SL"
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Publication Appropriate body mass index cut-off point in relation to type 2 diabetes mellitus in the population of Kavre district(Kathmandu University, 2008) Shah, A; Bhandary, S; Malik, SLAbstract Objective: The objective of the present study was to find out the appropriate BMI cut-off point in relation to type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in the population of Kavre district of Nepal. Materials and methods: Thirty-five “known type 2 diabetic” and Thirty-five “self-reported non-diabetic” subjects above thirty years of age were included in the present study. Height and weight were recorded for every subject. BMI was calculated by the standard formula. The data was analyzed using SPSS Version 11.5. Results: Our results showed that the reference BMI range for both diabetic male (23.26 ± 6.88 kg/m2) and diabetic female (22.51 ± 6.28 kg/m2) subjects were within normal BMI range according to WHO. Odds ratio showed an irregular pattern at different BMI ranges indicating the risk of having diabetes did not increase constantly. Comparison of number and percentage of both diabetic and non-diabetic male and female subjects according to various recommended normal BMI categories showed gradual reduction in percentage of both diabetic and non-diabetic male and female subjects that were within normal ranges from BMI category 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 to BMI category 18.5-21.9 kg/m2 .The BMI cut-off point was found 22 kg/m2 using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. Conclusion: The appropriate BMI cut-off point for both men and women was found 22 kg/m2 in the population of Kavre district of Nepal. Key words: BMI cut-off points, Type 2 DM, Kavre districtPublication Effect of Sub-maximal Exercise Stress on Cold Pressor Pain: A Gender Based Study(Kathmandu University, 2013) Pokhrel, BR; Malik, SL; Ansari, AH; Paudel, BH; Sinha, R; Sinha, MABSTRACT Background Analgesic effect of exercise is a well established fact; however available reports are contradictory on gender differences in pain perception following exercise stress test. Objective The current study is prospectively designed to evaluate and compare the effect of acute bout of sub-maximal exercise stress on cold pressor pain in normal adult males and females. Method The experimental study design involved healthy adults (n= 41); females (n = 18) and males (n=23) aged between 18 to 25 years and included them into four sets of experiments: SET I (Control), “resting blood pressure, radial pulse and respiratory rate were recorded after 15 minutes of complete supine relaxation. SET II (Cold Pressor Pain Test): Pain Threshold, Pain Tolerance, and Pain Duration in seconds were taken. SET III (Exercise Stress Test): Sub-maximal exercise of 70 to 75% of maximum predicted heart rate was given for 6 minutes. SET IV (Cold Pressor Pain Test immediately after Exercise Stress Test): At 0 minute of recovery again the pain parameters; Pain Threshold, Pain Tolerance, and Pain Duration in seconds were taken. SET I, SET II were performed in order on the first day and SET III and SET IV on the second day to ensure only a single Cold Pressor Pain Test is performed in each day. Result The data (Mean ±SD) analysis showed significant increased in pain threshold (males: 14.36±10.6 Vs 21.47±13seconds, p<0.001, females: 14.1±11.5 Vs 23.81± 20.22 seconds, p<0.001) and pain tolerance time (males: 41.3±19.31Vs 54.1±21.7 seconds, p<0.001) in both sexes after 6 min of acute bout of sub-maximal exercise stress test with comparable age, BMI and baseline resting values of pain parameters and pulse rate and blood pressure. The percentage increment pain tolerance time following the exercise stress in female is higher than male (78.6 Vs 68.9%). Conclusion The result suggests that pain sensation decreases immediately after a brief period of exercise challenge irrespective of gender, and the analgesic effect of the acute bout of exercise in terms of pain tolerant time is more enhanced in females than males. KEY WORDS Analgesia, exercise, gender, pain tolerancePublication Thyroid Hormone levels in Highlanders- A Comparison Be- tween Residents of Two Altitudes in Nepal(Kathmandu University, 2013) Nepal, O; Pokhrel, BR; Khanal, K; Gyawali, P; Malik, SL; Koju, R; Kapoor, BKABSTRACT Background The endocrine changes related to altitude adaptation in human have attracted physiologists around the globe for long. A number of high altitude studies to detect the physiological changes have been performed now and then. But, the study to see the hormonal changes to compare populations residing at different high altitudes is a scarce. Hence, we have performed a study in native populations of different high altitude comparing changes in thyroid hormones in western Nepal. The Jharkot population included in this study is at altitude of 3760m and Jomsom population at 2800m height from sea bed. Objective The study is to compare changes in thyroid hormones at two different high altitude natives. Methods To compare thyroid status between high altitude natives at two different altitudes a cross sectional study is performed by random sampling method. The blood sample was collected in a vacutainer from fifty eight individuals after obtaining the informed consent of participants. The blood collected from antecubital vein was centrifuged in an hour and the serum obtained was used for biochemical analysis of free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone. Results Mean free thyroxine (fT4) of Jharkot population is significantly larger (p = 0.001) than Jomsom population. Mean thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) with p = 0.597, does not indicate the difference between this two population. There is no significant difference between mean free triiodothyronine (fT3) of Jharkot and Jomsom population (p = 0.345). Conclusion The rise in free thyroid hormone at high altitude is not dependent on the thyroid stimulating hormone released from anterior pituitary. The rise in free thyroxine is found at higher altitude and no difference in fT3 level is detected in population studied at high altitudes. KEY WORDS Free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, TSH, high altitude, t-test