Browsing by Author "Pathak, Janardan"
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Publication Association Between Minimum Service Standards and Patient Satisfaction in Outpatient Departments of Nepal’s Government Hospitals(Nepal Health Research Council, 2026) Pathak, Janardan; Knoble, Abigail; Shah, Md Kashim; Bhandari, Rabindra; Amatya, Archana; Rajbhandari, RumaAbstract: Background: Nepal’s Minimum Service Standards (MSS) tool assesses structural readiness of government hospitals but its relationship to patient satisfaction is unknown. We evaluated how well MSS scores correspond to outpatient satisfaction and patient reported gaps in the quality of services. Methods: A cross-sectional mixed-methods study utilized 839 patient satisfaction surveys conducted from July 2021 to May 2024 across 57 government hospitals, then linked responses to retrospective hospital-level MSS scores. Overall satisfaction was modeled with an ordinal mixed-effects logistic regression with hospital-level random intercepts. For qualitative insights, six hospitals were purposely sampled for six focus group discussions with OPD staff and six interviews with hospital leaders. Transcripts underwent thematic content analysis, and quantitative and qualitative findings were triangulated. Results: Each 1% rise in OPD MSS score increased satisfaction odds by 3% (OR?1.03, 95?%?CI?1.02–1.05; p?