Browsing by Author "Raja, S"
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Publication An Assessment of Drawing Age in Pre-School Children Using 'Draw-A-Man' Test(Nepal Paediatric Society (JNPS), 2014) Raja, S; John, BMAbstract: Introduction: Goodenough-Harris ‘Draw-a-Man’ Test has been traditionally used as a simple tool to measure mental development in a child. There have very few studies looking at utility of ‘Draw a man’ test in the Indian subcontinent in the recent past. We carried out an assessment of correlation of drawing age with chronological age in pre-school children by the ‘Draw- a- man test’ and looked for any associations with respect to a deviation (delay or advancement) in the calculated drawing age. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 100 neurologically normal pre-school children between 36 to 72 months. The data was then analyzed with Pearson correlation and Chi square test on SPSS version 14.0 Result: There was a low positive correlation between drawing age and chronological age (Pearson correlation: r=+0.31, p=0.002).There were more boys (p=0.004) and more children with prematurity (p=0.012) in the group with low or equal drawing age compared to chronological age. Conclusion: In view of the low positive correlation found in our study, further studies with a larger sample need to be conducted to establish the ‘Draw-a-man’ test as a screening tool for mental age assessment in our subcontinent. We did find a significant association of deviation of drawing age from chronological age with respect to gender and prematurity.Publication Clinico-laboratory profile of haemolytic uremic syndrome(Kathmandu University, 2007) Jha, DK; Singh, R; Raja, S; Kumari, N; Das, BKAbstract Objective: To study the clinical profile, the spectrum of functional abnormalities, prognostic factors and outcome of children with haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Materials and methods: This is a prospective, descriptive, single centre, cohort study, conducted on 42 children during the period of January 2004 to January 2005. Results: The maximum numbers of cases were below 24 months of age with mean age of 26.6 months and male: female ratio of 2.8:1. Most of the cases (79%) occurred in the warmer months (April-September). The common clinical presentations were bloody diarrhoea, pallor, oliguria & anuria, fever, vomiting, abdominal distension and pain, involvement of central nervous system, chest and cardiovascular system and bleeding manifestations. The common haematological abnormalities were leucocytosis, thrombocytopenia, anaemia and features of haemolysis in the peripheral blood. Electrolyte abnormalities observed were in the form of hyponatremia, hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. Arterial blood gas analysis showed metabolic acidosis in 64% cases, where the estimations were done. The mean blood urea and serum creatinine levels were 113.7 mg/dL and 2.5 mg/dL, respectively. Stool examination showed blood in all cases. Urine examination showed microscopic haematuria and significant proteinuria in 74% and 38% cases, respectively. E. coli and Shigella were isolated in stool in three cases each and one case showed mixed growth of E. coli and Salmonella. The mortality rate was 21%. Significantly higher mortality was observed in females, patients presenting with complete anuria, leucocytosis, hyperkalemia and systemic involvement like central nervous system, cardio vascular system and chest. Conclusions: Female sex, complete anuria, leucocytosis, extra renal involvement and hyperkalemia were associated with poor outcome. Key words: Haemolytic Uremic Syndrome, Clinical Features, Outcome, Prognostic Factors