Browsing by Author "Rijal, KR"
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Publication Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Tertiary Care Hospitals in Kathmandu(Kathmandu University, 2023) Shrestha, PM; Kattel, HP; Sharma, S; Bista, P; Basnet, BK; Ghimire, P; Rijal, KRABSTRACT Background Antimicrobial resistance, caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), poses a global health threat, limiting treatment options and increasing morbidity and mortality rates due to its intrinsic and multidrug resistance. Objective To determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of P. aeruginosa isolates from patients visiting or admitted to tertiary care hospitals in Kathmandu. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted at Bir Hospital and Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH) from December 2021 to December 2022. Isolates were identified and tested for antibiotic susceptibility following standard microbiological guidelines. Result The antimicrobial resistance of 200 P. aeruginosa isolates increased from low to high levels, as per the recommended anti-pseudomonal antibiotics by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), from 0% to 94%. piperacillin/tazobactam exhibited significantly lower resistance at 18(9%) and while considerably higher resistance was observed with ceftazidime at 188(94%) compared to different antibiotics, followed by amikacin 34(17%), imipenem 58(29%), ciprofloxacin 42(21%), aztreonam 51(25.5%), and fosfomycin 44(22%). No resistance was observed to colistin and polymyxin B. P. aeruginosa resistant to carbapenem was accounted for 33.5% of the total, and multidrug resistance categories included multidrug resistance (MDR) at 39.0%, extensively drug resistance (XDR) at 13.5%, and P. aeruginosa difficult-to-treat (DTR PA) at 4.6%. Conclusion Most of the isolates were resistant to anti-pseudomonal antibiotics; however, colistin, polymyxin B, amikacin, doripenem, piperacillin/tazobactam, and fosfomycin were effective against MDR P. aeruginosa. Regular surveillance measures are essential to manage antimicrobial resistance. KEY WORDS Antimicrobial resistance, Difficult-to-treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Extensively drug resistance, Multidrug resistancePublication Soil Bacteria that Kill Mosquito Larvae(Kathmandu University, 2024) GC, G; Banjara, MR; Gautam, I; Ghimire, P; Rijal, KRABSTRACT Background To control the deadliest mosquitoes, Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus are the tools to prevent the development of adult mosquitoes by killing the larvae in different water sources. Various countries formulated Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus sphaericus larvicide in different forms isolated from various sources to control mosquitoes. These bacteria are nontoxic for humans and other living organisms. In Nepal, unawareness and unavailability of these isolates made us inaccessible to these tools to control mosquito vectors. To address the increasing trend of mosquito-borne diseases in Nepal these bacteria should be included as a vector control tool. Objective To isolate and test the novel bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus sphaericus from the soil sample of Nepal as a biological mosquito control tool. Method Soil samples collected from seven provinces of Nepal were processed by two different techniques to isolate these two bacteria. The isolates were characterized by different staining techniques, and by larvicidal bioassay against Aedes aegypti larvae. Result From 282 soil samples analyzed by the acetate selection method 846 Bacillus thuringiensis isolates were obtained producing different types of crystal protein. Among 846 isolates only one isolate showed 100% mortality against Aedes aegypti larvae. On analysis of 32 soil samples by heat shock selection method, 11 Bacillus sphaericus and 11 Bacillus thuringiensis were obtained. Only one Bacillus sphaericus showed 25% mortality against Aedes aegypti larvae. Conclusion Two different Bacillus strains obtained from the soil sample of Nepal showed 100% and mild toxicity against Aedes aegypti larvae. KEY WORDS Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Control, Nepal, Vector