Browsing by Author "Shrestha, Laxmi"
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Publication Cost Variation Analysis of Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Tertiary Care Hospital in Nepal(Rapti Academy of Health Sciences (RAHS), 2024) Shrestha, Laxmi; Basnet, Ambika; Palikhey, Anjan; Shrivastava, Amit Kumar; Joshi, BishalAbstract: Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition affecting millions of individuals worldwide. The cost of drug therapy plays a significant role in the treatment of chronic disorders like type 2 diabetes mellitus, where lifelong medication is required. Understanding the cost variations of oral hypoglycemic agents is essential for optimizing treatment and improving patient compliance. This study was aimed at identifying the affordable treatment strategies for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methodology: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at the outpatient department of Medicine at UCMS-TH, Bhairahawa, Nepal, from December 2022 to May 2023. The cost of a drug manufactured by various companies, in the same strength and dosage form, was obtained. The difference in maximum and minimum price of the same drug manufactured by different companies and percentage price variation was calculated. Results: Among 250 prescriptions, the percentage price variation was highest in Voglibose (0.3 mg), 454.4%, followed by Metformin (500 mg) 260%, and least with Sitagliptin (50 mg) and Linagliptin (5 mg), i.e., 4.16% and 3.89%, respectively in monotherapy. In combination therapy, Metformin+Glimepiride (500 mg+1 mg) 285.71%, followed by Metformin+Linagliptin (500 mg+2.5 mg) 52.3%, showed maximum price variation. The least variation (3.84%.) was seen in the combination of Metformin+Linagliptin (850 mg+5 mg). Conclusion: A huge difference in the prices of different brands was observed. It is essential to educate prescribers regarding the significant price variation. Prescribing a cost-effective drug by the physician improves the patient’s adherence to the treatment regimen and minimizes the financial burden.Publication Unseen Colors: Prevalence and Patterns of Color Vision Deficiency Among School Students of Bhairahawa, Nepal(Rapti Academy of Health Sciences (RAHS), 2024) Joshi, Bishal; Kar, Sanjit Kumar; Pahari, Ajit; Mahotra, Narayan Bahadur; Shrestha, Laxmi; Yadav, Yadwendra; Agrawal, Bikash KumarAbstract: Introduction: Color vision deficiency (CVD), commonly referred to as color blindness, is a disorder of impairment in color perception, often due to an X-linked recessive genetic trait. While its prevalence varies across the globe, limited studies exist in the Nepali population. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of CVD among the school children of grades 6 to 10 in Bhairahawa, Lumbini, Nepal. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in October and November 2024, among 758 students from three secondary schools in Bhairahawa, selected by stratified random sampling. Students were tested using the 38-plate Ishihara chart under well-lit conditions. Parental consent was obtained before testing, and students with severe neurological disorders were excluded. Results: Among 758 students, 53.95% were males. CVD was detected in 15 students (1.98%), comprising 13 males (3.18%) and 2 females (0.57%). Total color blindness was the most common type (6 cases, 1.47%), followed by protan (5 cases, 0.66%), deutan (2 cases, 0.26%), and combined red-green deficiency (2 cases, 0.26%). The male-to-female ratio was consistent with the expected X-linked inheritance pattern. Conclusion: In the present study, 1.98% of school-going students of Bhairahawa from grades six to ten had color vision deficiency of different forms, with significantly higher prevalence of males. Total color vision defect was the most common, unlike typical global trends where red-green deficiency is most predominant, highlighting the need for larger epidemiological studies and school-based screening programs.