Journal Issue: Volume: 12, No 1, Issue 45, JAN-MAR, 2014
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Volume
Number
Issue Date
2014
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
1812-2027
Journal Volume
Articles
Challenges and Opportunities of Public Health Research in Nepal
(Kathmandu University, 2014) Shrestha, S
NA
Effect of Three Different Remineralizing Agents on Enamel Caries Formation – An in vitro Study
(Kathmandu University, 2014) Sathe, N; Chakradhar, Raju RVS; Chandrasekhar, V
ABSTRACT
Background
Caries process is not a static one, but is dynamic with interspersed periods of
demineralization and remineralization of enamel, intimately related and occurs
episodically based upon the presence of cariogenic bacteria in dental plaque and
the availability of refined carbohydrates for fermentation to organic acids.
Objectives
Early enamel caries could be reversed with avoidance of frank cavitation. The
main objective of this study is to check wether enamel demineralization can be
prevented by using the remineralizing agents.
Method
Forty freshly extracted human central incisors were selected and stored in saline
at normal temperature. A window of 3 X 3mm enamel was created and all the
specimens were then randomly divided into 4 groups of 10 each. Group I- teeth
received no treatment, Group II- teeth treated with Acidulated Phosphate Flouride
gel, Group III- teeth treated with Tooth Mousse Plus, Group IV- teeth treated with
Remin+. Samples in all the groups were kept in artificial saliva for 24 hours and
subjected to modified Ten Cate’s solution at an acidic pH of 3.5 for 10 days. The
samples were sectioned and subjected to SEM evaluation.
Result
Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) images showed decrease in pore volume of
the enamel in all the treatment groups compared to the control group indicating
increase in resistance to demineralization in acidic pH.
Conclusion
The three groups of remineralizing agents, Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride gel,
Tooth Mousse Plus and Remin + showed significant increase in fluoride content and
negligible increase in calcium content indicating there is remineraliztion.
KEY WORDS
Dental caries, hydroxyapatite, tooth demineralization, tooth remineralization
A Study of Clinical and Endoscopic Profile of Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
(Kathmandu University, 2014) Dewan, KR; Patowary, BS; Bhattarai, S
ABSTRACT
Backgroud
Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding is a common medical emergency with a
hospital mortality of approximately 10 percent. Higher mortality rate is associated
with rebleeding. Rockall scoring system identifies patients at higher risk of rebleed
and mortality.
Objective
To study the clinical and endoscopic profile of acute upper gastrointestinal bleed to
know the etiology, clinical presentation, severity of bleeding and outcome.
Method
This is a prospective, descriptive hospital based study conducted in Gastroenterology
unit of College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal from
January 2012 to January 2013. It included 120 patients at random presenting
with manifestations of upper gastrointestinal bleed. Their clinical and endoscopic
profiles were studied. Rockall scoring system was used to assess their prognosis.
Result
Males were predominant (75%). Age ranged from 14 to 88 years, mean being
48.76+17.19. At presentation 86 patients (71.7%) had both hematemesis and
malena, 24 patients (20%) had only malena and 10 patients (8.3%) had only
hematemesis. Shock was detected in 21.7%, severe anemia and high blood urea
were found in 34.2% and 38.3% respectively. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
endoscopy revealed esophageal varices (47.5%), peptic ulcer disease (33.3%),
erosive mucosal disease (11.6%), Mallory Weiss tear (4.1%) and malignancy (3.3%).
Median hospital stay was 7.28+3.18 days. Comorbidities were present in 43.3%.
Eighty six patients (71.7%) had Rockall score < 5 and 34 (28.3%) had >6. Five patients
(4.2%) expired. Risk factors for death being massive rebleeeding, comorbidities and
Rockall score >6.
Conclusion
Acute Upper Gastrointestinal bleeding is a medical emergency. Mortality is
associated with massive bleeding, comorbidities and Rockall score >6. Urgent,
appropriate hospital management definitely helps to reduce morbidity and
mortality.
KEY WORD
Comorbiditis, massive bleed, rockall score, upper gastrointestinal bleed
Study on Relationship Between the Nutritional Status and Dental Caries in 8-12 Year Old Children of Udaipur City, India
(Kathmandu University, 2014) Panwar, NK; Mohan, A; Arora, R; Gupta, A; Marya, CM; Dhingra, S
ABSTRACT
Background
The future health of individuals depends on the well being of the children of
today. Proper nutrition for children is very important. The most commonly used
index of obesity and over weight is Body Mass Index. The growth of children
should be monitored using the Body Mass Index (BMI) and risk factors assessed
through a dietary and physical activity history. The increase in obesity is attributed
to increased carbohydrate consumption among children. Obesity and caries
are both diet-based conditions that share a cause that is, excessive ingestion of
fermentable carbohydrates.
Objective
This study was undertaken to determine the association of nutritional status with
dental caries in 8 to 12 year old children of Udaipur city.
Method
The present study was conducted on a random sample of 1000 boys and girls,
aged 8-12 years. The children were selected from schools located in the Udaipur
City, Rajasthan. The schools examined were of government and private sector
schools in Udaipur city. The children from schools of Udaipur city was taken in the
study with male, female and age group ratio as per distribution in population. A
proforma was used to record children’s age, gender, school, year, height, weight,
parental income and dental caries status. Statistical analysis was done using
Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS Version 15; Chicago Inc., USA).
Result
It was found that caries free individuals were more from normal nutritional status
group with 134 (13.4 %) subjects where as only 11 (1.1 %) of subjects obese
children were found caries free.
Conclusion
Study shows that the children with normal BMI for age had more caries in their
primary teeth, as well as in their permanent teeth, than the overweight children.
KEY WORDS
Body Mass Index, dental caries, nutritional status
Post Operative Diagnosis of Early Gastric Cancer in a Low Risk Population and the Possibility of Risk Stratified Screening
(Kathmandu University, 2014) Ghimire, B; Singh, YP; Timalsina, S
ABSTRACT
Background
Gastric cancer is the second commonest cause of cancer related mortality worldwide.
Though its incidence is more in Eastern Asia, it is increasing in the South Asian
subcontinent. The diagnosis of early gastric cancer (EGC) confined to the mucosa or
submucosa, is an important concern due to a better outcome at this stage where five
year survival rates could increase by 90 percent. Though mass screening is done in
few countries, it has not been applied in developing countries like Nepal. Preoperative
diagnosis of EGC is rare in Nepal. The aim of this study is to analyze the clinico-
pathological features of postoperative cases of gastric cancer managed in a tertiary
care university hospital of Nepal.
Methods
All patients with histological diagnosis of gastric cancer admitted in the Department
of Surgery, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal during the
three year period (September 2010 to August 2013) were analyzed retrospectively.
Results
Ninety two patients with endoscopic diagnosis of gastric cancers were admitted
during the past three years. The mean age was 60 years ranging from 28 years to
85 years with the male to female ratio of 2.8:1. Five patients were younger than 40
years and all were in advanced stage. Thirty five percent of the patients belonged
to Janajatis (Hill) community though they comprise only 23% of the population and
about 65% of them belonged to an area involving 25% of the country.
Seventy six cases were operated. Out of 92 patients, 4 patients were diagnosed as
early gastric cancer post operatively. All patients with early gastric cancer were above
50 years with CT Scan abdomen revealing focal thickening without lymphadenopathy.
Conclusion
Over the years, the incidence of gastric cancer is increasing in Nepal. Though 92%
are advance gastric cancers, few have been diagnosed and treated early. A screening
program in a country like Nepal with diverse ethnicity and difficult terrain might be
helpful if it targets high risk people in high risk areas.
KEY WORDS
Advanced gastric cancer, early gastric cancer, ethnicity, low risk