Browsing by Author "Manandhar, N"
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Publication An awareness study of HIV/AIDS among adolescent students of Chitwan district, Nepal(Institute of Medicine, 2005) Singh, SK; Manandhar, N; Parsai, M; Krishna, G; Patowary, SAbstract A cross sectional study was conducted among the adolescent students of 12 randomly selected higher secondary school of Chitwan district, Nepal with an objective to assess the awareness by studying their knowledge and attitude towards the disease. It is really very gratifying to note that 100.0% of the respondents had heard about the disease and majority of them (95.0% ) had correct knowledge about the causative agents. Among the respondents quite large number of students (79.0%) knew about high risk age group and 81.0% were aware about safe sex as one of the major preventive measure. The attitude of respondents towards the AIDS patients was firmly positive. Among them 84.5% had no objection in treating AIDS patients in the general hospital with extra precaution. The main source of their information, education and communication were from electronic media. These observations were indicative of good awareness about the disease which will definitely help in bringing about behavioral change at the individual level and will go in a long way for prevention of transmission amongst the high risk groups and to contain its spread.Publication Antidiabetic effect of Neopicrorrhiza scrophulariiflora ontype 2 diabetic model rats(Institute of Medicine, 2011) Manandhar, N; Rokeya, B; Ali, L; Amatya, SAbstract Introduction: Neopicrorrhiza srophulariiflora (NS), which is locally known as “kutki / katuki” in Nepali is available at 3500-4800 m, east to west Himalayan region of Nepal. It is being used as indigenous antidiabetic plant in Nepal by the local people in the treatment of diabetes. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antidiabetic property of NS in streptozotocin (STZ) induced type 2 diabetic model rats. Methods: NS dried rhizomes, collected from mountainous region of Nepal, was extracted with 80% ethanol and water by cold percolation method. The extracts were administered at a dose of 1.25gkg1 body weight for 21 consecutive days to type 2 diabetic male Long-Evans rats, bred at BIRDEM animal house. Type 2 diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ to 48 hour old pups (Long Evans) from BIRDEM Animal house. Serum glucose was estimated by GOD POP method, on 0 day and by decapitation on 21st day by tail tip method. Results: Ethanol extract of N. srophulariiflora significantly (p<0.05) improved oral glucose tolerance in type 2 rats in comparison to control group at the end of the study period. It was also found that the water extract and ethanol extracts significantly lowered serum glucose level of type 2 diabetic rats in both prandial states (simultaneously with oral glucose load p><0.05; at 75min and 30 minutes prior to oral glucose load p><0.05; at 105min) compared to water fed control group. Administration of Glibenclamide (5 mgkg-1) also produced significant reduction (p><0.01) in serum glucose concentration in type 2 diabetic rats. Conclusions: N. srophulariiflora is beneficial for treating Type 2 diabetes and therefore merits further exploration and researches both chemically and biologically to identify the active principle(s) and mechanism of action. Keywords: Anti-hyperglycemic, hypoglycemic, Neopicrorrhiza srophulariiflora.Publication Gaming Disorder among Medical College Students during COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown(Kathmandu University, 2020) Shrestha, MV; Manandhar, N; Sharma, SC; Joshi, SKABSTRACT Background The frequent lockdown in Nepal during COVID-19 pandemic had brought various kinds of complexities such as stress among college students. This situation had created uncertainty of future academic career of undergraduate students in medical colleges. Some previously published literature showed gaming as a coping mechanism against stress. Objective To assess the gaming behavior of Medical college students during lockdown in COVID-19 pandemic. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted during lockdown period of July to August 2020. A total of 412 college students were enrolled. Online Google forms were shared to all the eligible students through email, viber and messenger with the help of class representative. Collected data were analyzed in SPSS version 20.0. Result The prevalence of gaming disorder was 8.5% among 260 internet gaming users. About 69.2% of the participants reported that their gaming behavior had increased due to stress of COVID-19 pandemic. Gender and spending more time online per day showed significant associations with greater scores on the internet gaming disorder. Conclusion During lockdown period of COVID-19 pandemic, the gaming behavior of medical college students has increased. KEY WORDS COVID-19, Gaming disorder, Prevalence, Stress, StudentsPublication Intrinsic Capacity of Older People in Panchkhal Municipality of Nepal: A cross-sectional study(Kathmandu University, 2024) Shrestha, L; Neupane, R; Paudel, L; Manandhar, NABSTRACT Background With the global trend of rising ageing population, health care to the elderly needs special focus as absence of disease merely does not mean that older people are healthy and have full functional ability. So, WHO introduced intrinsic capacity to define healthy ageing. Objective To find the prevalence of decline in intrinsic capacity in older people of Panchkhal Municipality. Method A community based cross-sectional observational study was conducted in 5 simple randomly selected wards of Panchkhal Municipality of Nepal. Total sample sizes of 848 data were collected using proportionate convenience sampling. Data collection techniques were interview with observation using predesigned proforma containing WHO (Integrated Care for Older People-ICOPE) tool. Result The prevalence of decline in intrinsic capacity of older people in Panchkhal Municipality was 86.9%. The decline in individual domains was visual acuity 58.0 % followed by cognition 48.9%, locomotion 48.8%, hearing ability 38.6%, vitality 38.0% and psychology 28.5%. The mean age was 71.18 ±8.769 years (60-100). The majority of older people were male 55.8%, Hindu 91.7%, had joint family 77.7% and illiterate 60.3%. There was significant moderate positive correlation of age with decline in locomotion (r=0.469, p=0.029), hearing ability (r=0.312, p=0.032), cognitive ability(r=0.209, p=0.034) and low negative correlation of age with vitality (r=-0.161, p=0.035), psychology (r=-0.130, p=0.034),visual acuity (r=-0.126, p=0.034). Conclusion There was a high prevalence of decline in intrinsic capacity of the older people from Panchkhal Municipality. Special and focused care is required for older people from the government along with implementation of WHO-Integrated Care for Older People-ICOPEtool in every healthcare setting to promote healthy ageing. KEY WORDS Capacity, Integrated care for older people (ICOPE), Intrinsic, NepalPublication Knowledge about Tuberculosis in outpatients who visited College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal(Institute of Medicine, 2012) Manandhar, N; Krishna, GAbstract Background: Now a days Tuberculosis is a major public health problem in the world. Number of deaths due to tuberculosis is highest among the infectious diseases. Methods: The cross sectional study was carried out from May 2008 to July 2008 in the different out patient departments of College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital.Atotal of 500 patients belong to age > 15 years who visited various departments of College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital were randomly selected for the present study. Interview technique was used to collect information on a pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire. Results: Out of total patient’s interview, 59% and 41% were male and female respectively. Majority of the outpatients had heard about the Tuberculosis disease. 73.3% of the respondents opinioned that T.B. can be acquired by infection. Conclusion:The study population hassatisfactory knowledge about the etiology and transmission of the disease. There was poor knowledge about proper disposal of sputum which is an important aspect in regard to transmission of disease. There is need of imparting knowledge to the people about proper disposal of sputum to reduce the spread of disease and mortality due to T.B. Keywords: Knowledge, Prevention, Transmission, TuberculosisPublication Malnutrition in children under 5 years of age in Chisapani and Sutaiya (Banke) villages(Institute of Medicine, 2000) Bhatia, V; Manandhar, NAbstract Malnutrition is one of the major public health problems in developing countries including Nepal. Malnutrition not only directly affects the children by reducing their physical and mental performance but also makes the situation worse by making the child susceptible to infections. The long-term effects of malnutrition also need to be highlighted. Those suffering from malnutrition in early parts of their life tend to have lower weight even during adult life. The physical work capacity is hence reduced. The present study was conducted in the rural areas of Chisapani and Sutaiya (Banke). The total sample size taken in the study was 137. The study was conducted with the help of 5 volunteer students of the college. The anthropometric measurements of children were taken. To assess the degree of malnutrition the weight/height (length) ratio was compared to the WHO/NCHS standards and stunting was also taken into account. The result puts the total of malnourished children in the study group to 63 (46.4%). On drawing comparisons, malnutrition was found to be associated with female sex, joint family and the total number of children in the family. It is thus felt that the children in these villages need special attention. This can be done by providing nutritional education to the parents and among other things by bringing on a social change so that the female child is not neglected. Keywords: Malnutrition, childrenPublication Nutritional status of primary school children(Institute of Medicine, 2008) Manandhar, N; Krishna, G; Patowary, SAbstract Background: Malnutrition is one of the major public health problems in Nepal. The nutritional and morbidity status are indicators of the level of the quality of life of school children. Good health and adequate nutrition promote both physical growth and learning. Methods: This study is a cross sectional study carried out during the period of August-September, 2006. The study population was the school children of Nursery to class five. One of the Government school is selected at randomly in Bharatpur. Results: 11.38% of school children were below 80% weight for age i.e. under nutrition. According to Waterlow classification, among total school children, 89.85% were normal, 7.69% of school children were stunted and 3.38% of children were found to be wasted. Skin diseases (21.45%) were common in school children. Dental carries were found in 16.0% of school children followed by history of Worm infestation in 10.77%. Discussion: The results of our study were quite encouraging when compared with other studies conducted in different parts of Nepal. This may be due to good water supply, better environmental conditions, good facilities for excreta disposal & health care facilities in the study area. Conclusion: The nutritional status of primary school children in this study were found to be satisfactory when compared with other studies conducted in different parts of Nepal. The health education should be given on control and prevention of different diseases. Keywords: Malnutrition, School children, Wasted, StuntingPublication Pattern of Dental Problems among Patients Visiting a Dental Hospital during COVID-19 Pandemic(Kathmandu University, 2020) Dixit, PB; Dixit, S; Dahal, S; Poudel, P; Roy, D; Manandhar, NABSTRACT Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Nepal is a part of this worldwide corona virus disease. In this critical situation, the patients have a sense of insecurity visiting dental hospital. Objective To assess the pattern of dental problems in patients visiting a dental college during COVID-19. Method A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Dental Hospital of Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital from May to August 2020. The patients visiting the Dental hospital were assessed for dental problems. Data were analyzed in Statistical Package of Social Sciences version 20. Frequency and percentage for pattern of dental problems were calculated. Result Most of the patients of age group of 14 to 31 years 530 (36.53%) had dental problems during the survey period. Out of total patients having dental emergency, 739 (50.93%) were males and 712 (49.07%) were females. Majority 545 (37.56%) visited the dental hospital for endodontic consultation followed by emergency consultation for oral surgical procedures 298 (20.54%). Least consulted dental emergency condition was prosthodontic consultation 18 (1.24%). Conclusion The study findings showed that the major dental problems in patients causing emergency visit to dental hospital during COVID-19 pandemic period were dental pain and swelling requiring endodontic consultation and the least need felt is prosthodontic consultation. KEY WORDS COVID-19, Dental problems, PatternPublication Prevalence of anaemia among females of the reproductive age group visiting Chisapani dispensary(Institute of Medicine, 1999) Bhatia, V; Manandhar, N; Mishra, B; Bista, S; Shah, MAbstract Anaemia is one of the major health problems in Nepal. Nutritional anaemia is one of the commonest forms of anaemia and affects chiefly the females in the reproductive age group. The available data from the hospital records and small-scale studies put the estimate to more than 50%. There are other figures that project the range from 60- 75% among this group. The present study was conducted on females of the reproductive age group visiting the dispensary attached to Nepalgunj Medical College, Chisapani. The total number of females included in the study was 71. Nearly 65% were less than 30 years of age. The literacy rate was around 39.4%. Among the 66 married females, the number of children ranged from 0-7. Among the subjects, 79% were found to be anaemic. The proportion of female with anaemia was not associated with increasing age or education of the subjects but some degree of association could be observed with increasing number of children. Usage of temporary contraceptive was also found to be associated with a larger proportion of females being anaemic. The degree of contribution made by hookworm infestation to the present figures of anaemia cannot be commented upon in numerical terms but could be high. Keywords: Anaemia, Reproductive age-group, femalesPublication Smartphone Addiction among Students of Medical College in Kathmandu(Kathmandu University, 2025) Shrestha, MV; Manandhar, N; Joshi, SKABSTRACT Background Smartphones have become an important device in current day living. With the advent of technology, smartphones have become a necessity of life. However, every technological invention has brought both comfort and problems. Objective To explore the prevalence of smartphone addiction among medical students and the associated factors. Method A cross sectional study was conducted with the sample size of 358. Convenient sampling method was used among medical students. Smartphone addiction scale short version was used to find participants those having an addiction and not having an addiction. The Perceived Stress Scale, and Loneliness Scale was used to assess perceived stress, personality, and loneliness. The analysis featured both descriptive and inferential statistics, utilizing the Chi-square test and Pearson correlation, conducted with SPSS. In all statistical tests, p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result Smartphone addiction among medical students was 117 (32.6%) with 95% CI (0.275, 0.377). Self-reported addiction was found to be the biggest predictor of smartphone addiction. There was a significant association between smart phone addiction and psychological factors such as perceived stress (p < 0.001), loneliness (p < 0.001), and various personality traits, including conscientiousness (p < 0.022), emotional stability (p < 0.045), and openness to experiences (p < 0.001). Conclusion Smartphone addiction was common among the medical college students investigated. There was an increased level of stress and loneliness who were addicted to their smartphones. Therefore, it is essential to implement awareness programs that educate students about the risks associated with excessive smartphone use. KEY WORDS Addiction, Medical students, Mental health, SmartphonesPublication Study of knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning in an urban area of Bharatpur(Institute of Medicine, 2006) Manandhar, N; Singh, SK; Patowary, S; Krishna, GAbstract Background: A cross-sectional study was conducted during September-October, 2004 among 255 purposively selected woman of reproductive age group (15-44 years) in Bharatpur Municipality, Chitwan district. Material and Methods: Door to door survey was conducted and informations were collected on a structured and pre-tested proforma from 255 married women. Result: It was found that 100% of the respondents had heard about any one or the other method of family planning.All respondents had knowledge about Condom. The majority of them had knowledge about Oral Contraceptive Pills (92.9%), injectable (89.4%) and Intra Uterine Device (89.4%). The currently married women (45.8%) were using injectable (Depo-Provera). The OCP & IUD were being used by 18.8% each. Conclusion: Knowledge regarding family planning method was far from satisfactory. They had positive attitude towards family planning. Keywords: :Reproductive age, Contraceptive, Fertility, WomanPublication Work-related Respiratory Symptoms and Associated Factors among Cement Factory Workers in Rupandehi District, Nepal(Kathmandu University, 2021) Paudel, L; Regmi, S; Dahal, P; Ghimire, M; Nepal, S; Manandhar, NABSTRACT Background Cement factory workers are exposed to cement dust at workplace. It leads to a greater prevalence of chronic respiratory signs and symptoms. Objective To identify the prevalence of Work-related respiratory symptoms, its association with various risk factors, and to assess the outcomes like hospitalization and sickness absenteeism. Method Cross-sectional study was conducted in the Argakhanchi Cement factory among 190 workers with minimum work experience of 1 year. Census method was used for data collection. To assess the respiratory symptoms, sputum samples were collected; smears prepared by pick and smear method, and later stained by Leishman and pap stain. Smears devoid of alveolar macrophages were considered unsatisfactory for evaluation. Result The mean age of respondents with standard deviation was 35.56±11.45 years. The prevalence of Work-related respiratory symptoms was 31.6%. Age, no. of years worked, working in the raw materials department, burner and clinker department, cleaning department and wearing mask were the significant risk factors. On cytological analysis of the sputum sample, mild inflammatory cell noticed in 71.6%, moderate inflammation in 23.7%, and dense inflammation in 4.2%. Fungal spores were seen in 3.7%, fungal pseudohyphae in 0.5%, and bacterial colonies in 27% of the sputum samples. Out of 190 participants, 8(4.2%) of them had to be hospitalized and 17(8.9%) were on sick leave due to respiratory symptoms. Conclusion Pre-employment and periodic medical examination, frequent work shift, training on occupational health and safety, use of appropriate personnel protective equipment is recommended to reduce respiratory symptoms. KEY WORDS Cement factory workers, Rupandehi district, Work-related respiratory symptoms