Browsing by Author "Rai, Chandra Kala"
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Publication Carrying Angle Variation in Relation to Gender Among Children: An Observational Study(Nepal Medical Association, 2025) Makaju, Sarbada; Palikhe, Pratima; Chaudhary, Sonam; Rai, Chandra KalaAbstract Introduction: Carrying angle is the angle formed at the elbow joint during full extension and supination of arm and forearm which increases with increasing age till 14 years. This study measures the carrying angle variation with gender which can be beneficial for pediatricians in diagnosis, treatment planning of the related cases. Methods: The study was conducted 70 patients of Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital at Sinamangal and Duwakot between 15 December 2023 to 30 December 2023 after getting the ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Committee (reference no. KMC-IRC 08122023/02) with convenience sampling method. The carrying angle was measured by manual goniometer by drawing the axes in the arm and forearm. The data obtained was analyzed in different age groups and body mass index between boys and girls. The data was analyzed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25. Results: Out of 70 participants, 38(54.29%) were boys and 32(45.71%) were girls. The mean carrying angle among girls in right side was 10.53±2.52 degrees and 9.05±3.71 degrees for boys (p=0.06). Similarly, on left side it was 10.15±2.37 degrees for girls and 8.76±2.96 degrees for boys (p=0.036). Conclusions: The Carrying angle on both sides was found to be increased among female children in comparison to male irrespective of different age and BMI groups.Publication Hypertension among Current Cigarette Smokers Visiting Outpatient Department of a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study(Nepal Medical Association, 2022) Rai, Chandra Kala; Kafle, Rita; Makaju, SarbadaAbstract Introduction: Hypertension is a common physical condition with high blood pressure for a prolonged period. Long risk factors like age, overweight, high dietary salt intake, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and term hypertension might lead to various cardiovascular diseases. The normal blood pressure, systolic, is 90-119 mm Hg and diastolic 60-79 mm Hg. The objective of this study is to find out the prevalence of hypertension among current cigarette smokers patients in an outpatient department of a tertiary care centre. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done on 385 outpatient department patients in a tertiary care centre from September, 2021 to February, 2022. The sample was collected by a convenience after approval from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 0505202105). Outpatient department patients who had past history of smoking cigarette>100 cigarettes and who is still smoking were included in the study. Data were analysed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Science software version 16.0. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and percentage for binary data and mean and standard deviation for continuous data. Results: Among 385 patients, 209 (54.28%) (47.64-60.92 at 95% Confidence Interval) were hypertensive patients. One hundred fifty-six (40.51%) males and 53 (13.76%) females were hypertensive. Conclusions: The prevalence of hypertension was higher when compared to other studies done in similar settings.Publication Hypertension among Current Cigarette Smokers Visiting Outpatient Department of a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study Authors(Nepal Medical Association, 2022) Rai, Chandra Kala; Kafle, Rita; Makaju, SarbadaAbstract: Introduction: Hypertension is a common physical condition with high blood pressure for a prolonged period. Long risk factors like age, overweight, high dietary salt intake, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and term hypertension might lead to various cardiovascular diseases. The normal blood pressure, systolic, is 90-119 mm Hg and diastolic 60-79 mm Hg. The objective of this study is to find out the prevalence of hypertension among current cigarette smokers patients in an outpatient department of a tertiary care centre. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done on 385 outpatient department patients in a tertiary care centre from September, 2021 to February, 2022. The sample was collected by a convenience after approval from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 0505202105). Outpatient department patients who had past history of smoking cigarette>100 cigarettes and who is still smoking were included in the study. Data were analysed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Science software version 16.0. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and percentage for binary data and mean and standard deviation for continuous data. Results: Among 385 patients, 209 (54.28%) (47.64-60.92 at 95% Confidence Interval) were hypertensive patients. One hundred fifty-six (40.51%) males and 53 (13.76%) females were hypertensive. Conclusions: The prevalence of hypertension was higher when compared to other studies done in similar settings.Publication Hypothyroidism among Type 2 Diabetic Patients Visiting Outpatient Department of Internal Medicine of a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study(Nepal Medical Association, 2023) Shrestha, Biju; Rai, Chandra KalaAbstract Introduction: Diabetes-thyroid relationship is said to be bidirectional. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus increase free thyroxine but decrease free tri-iodothyronine and thyroid-releasing hormone synthesis. Thyroid dysfunction may in turn impose an adverse effect on glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Undetected thyroid dysfunction can worsen glycemic control and predispose type 2 diabetes mellitus patients to cardiovascular and other diabetes-related complications. Recognition and timely treatment of thyroid dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients can delay diabetic complications. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of hypothyroidism among type 2 diabetic patients visiting the outpatient Department of Internal Medicine of a tertiary care centre. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from 17 April 2021 to 5 September 2021 after obtaining ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 130120202). A total of 384 type 2 diabetic subjects were recruited for the study. Convenience sampling method was used. Point estimate and 95% CI were calculated. Results: Among 384 patients, the prevalence of hypothyroidism was found in 127 (33.07%) (28.36-37.78, 95% Confidence Interval). Among them, 56 (44.09%) were male and 71 (55.90%) were female. The mean age was 55.17±7.53 years. Conclusions: The prevalence of hypothyroidism was higher than in the other studies done in similar settings.Publication Overweight among Medical Students in a Tertiary Care Center: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study Authors(Nepal Medical Association, 2021) Rai, Chandra Kala; Makaju, SarbadaAbstract: Introduction: Today’s generation is facing an increased prevalence of overweight and obesity. It may be genetic or habitual due to overeating of junk foods and sedentary lifestyle. It directly affects an individual personality and health. The main aim of this study is to find out the prevalence of overweight among medical students in a tertiary care center. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study done in 385 students in a tertiary care hospital from 25th January 2020 to 28th February 2021. The sample was collected by simple random sampling method after the approval from the Institutional Review Committee of Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Height in meter and weight in kilogram of students were measured to calculate body mass index. Data were analyzed by using Statistical Package of Social Science software version 16. Point estimate at 95% confidence interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Results: Among 385 students, 75 (19.48%) (95% Confidence Interval= 15.53%-23.44%) were overweight. Fifty-seven (14.85%) males and 18 (4.69%) females were overweight respectively. In total, there were 197 (51.01%) males and 188 (48.99%) females. Conclusions: The current study shows the prevalence of overweight among medical students is slightly higher than in studies done in similar settings.Publication Type I Lip Pattern in at Least One Quadrant among First and Second-year Medical and Dental Students of a Medical College: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study(Nepal Medical Association, 2021) Makaju, Sarbada; Chaudhary, Sonam; Rai, Chandra KalaAbstract: Introduction: The upper and lower lip consists of the numerous amounts of fine grooves. This pattern of grooves will be definite throughout the lifetime. The groove of the lip shows variations and play important role in forensic medicine and crime investigation. The objective of this study is to find out the prevalence of type I lip print in at least one lip quadrant among first- and second- year medical and dental students of a medical college. Methods: The study was conducted on 240 students of a medical college between November 2020- January 2021 after getting the ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Committee (reference no. KMC-IRC 0311202006). The convenient sampling was done. The patterns of the grooves of the lip were studied. The data was analysed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 20 version. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and percentage for binary data. Results: Out of 240 students, type I lip pattern was seen in at least one quadrant in 190 (79.6%) (73.38-84.94 at 95% CI) students. One hundred and fifty-nine (66.3%) had type I pattern in the right upper quadrant, 160 (66.7%) in left upper quadrant, 181 (75.4%) in right lower quadrant, and 177 (73.8%) in left lower quadrant. Type Ia was maximum found in 115 (47.9%) and type Ib in 66 (27.5%) in lower left quadrant of lip. Conclusions: Our findings showed a higher prevalence of type I lip pattern than those reported by other national studies done among medical students.Publication Virtual Anatomy Classes among the First and Second Year Medical and Dental Students of a Medical College: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study(Nepal Medical Association, 2021) Makaju, Sarbada; Rai, Chandra KalaAbstract: Introduction: The pandemic of COVID-19 affected every single person in the world. This pandemic also affected the academics of medical and dental colleges of Nepal. In these conditions, the virtual study was used as an emergency measure during the COVID-19 period, with an adaptation to the “new normal” to deliver preclinical medical education. This has brought both challenges and opportunities to medical education. The objective of the study is to find out whether the anatomy virtual classes were helpful among the first and second year medical and dental students of a medical college. Methods: The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 206 first and second-year medical and dental students of a medical college between 1st May 2021-31st May 2021 after getting the ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Committee (reference no. 0504202109). The convenient sampling was done. The data were analyzed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 20 version. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and percentage for binary data. Results: Out of the total 206 students, 173 (84%) (78.99-89.01 at 95% Confidence Interval) found that virtual anatomy classes were not helpful for the study of the anatomy classes. Conclusions: From the study, we conclude that more than half of the students found that virtual classes were not helpful for the study of anatomy classes. Students have difficulty in studying dissection, cadaveric, and embryological structures via virtual classes. Physical class is better for studying anatomy than virtual classes for medical and dental students.