Browsing by Author "Humagain, M"
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Publication A Comprehensive Review on Curriculum in Reference to Bachelor of Dental Surgery Kathmandu University(Kathmandu University, 2024) Rijal, AH; Rajbanshi, R; Humagain, MABSTRACT This review article provides a detailed analysis of educational curricula, focusing on their design, content, and teaching methods. It explores how a well-structured curriculum can support effective learning by balancing theoretical knowledge with practical skills. The article discusses key elements that make a curriculum successful, such as clear objectives, up-to-date content, and interactive teaching methods. It also identifies common gaps, like the need for regular updates and better alignment with current professional standards. By reviewing various curricula and comparing them to global best practices, the article suggests ways to enhance educational quality and ensure students are well-prepared for their careers. KEY WORDS Curriculum, Dental education, Effective learningPublication A Survey on Oral Health and Practice of Nepalese in Areas Affected by Earthquake in 2015(Kathmandu University, 2017) Rokaya, D; Suttagul, K; Karki, S; Rokaya, N; Seriwatanachai, D; Humagain, MABSTRACT Background Understanding post-earthquake oral health indicators is essential for developing oral health interventions of the victims. Presumably, due to a geographic difficulty, there has been no investigation to reveal the oral health status of individuals after the Gorkha earthquake in Nepal. Objective The main objective was to determine the oral health and practice of Nepalese affected by earthquake in April-May, 2015. Method The epidemiological cross sectional study was done at 5 different districts (Sindhupalchok, Dadhing, Bhaktapur, Kathmandu and Kavre) of Nepal from September till November, 2015. Altogether 500 subjects aged form 16 to 80 years of age living in the transitional shelters community were included in earthquake- affected areas. Different parameters were studied from past and present medical and dental problems, habits, oral hygiene habits. DMFT, gingival index, periodontal index were studied and correlation was studied among them. Result It shows that 98% of the participants had plaque and 96.4% of the participants had calculus. Mean decayed was 9, mean missing was 4 and mean filling was 1. 22.60% of the participants had score 0, 34.8% had score 1, 34% had score 2 and 8.60% had score 3 of mean gingivitis index. 10% of the participants showed score 0, 36% showed score 1, 35% showed score 2, 10.2% showed score 3 and 8.2% showed score 4 of mean periodontal index. Moreover, significant correlation was observed among DMFT index, gingival index and periodontal index (p<0.001). Conclusion The oral health care practice, oral hygiene habits, nutritional intake of the people have been affected in the earthquake affected areas. It showed high caries index, gingival index and periodontal index in earthquake affected people suggesting further efforts are needed for an oral health improvement. Data from this study may be used as basic information for oral health planning and future steps in oral health care preventive and therapeutic programs. KEY WORDS Dental caries, disaster, gorkha earthquake, oral health, periodontitisPublication Adjunctive Orthodontic Treatment with Lingual Orthodontic System(Kathmandu University, 2011) Kafle, D; Humagain, M; Upadhaya, CABSTRACT The lingual orthodontic therapy though started in 1972, could not be popular till the beginning of 1990. In Nepal it does not have a history of more than a year. It is started in Dhulikhel Hospital for the first time in Nepal. Usually orthodontic therapy is meant for putting braces on the labial surface of the teeth which is called labial orthodontic system. Lingual orthodontic system is a purely invisible kind of orthodontic therapy in which braces are placed behind the teeth. The advantages of lingual orthodontic therapy are: invisibility, better biomechanics and improved patient compliance. On the other hand it is difficult to master and costlier than labial orthodontics. We have presented six adjunctive orthodontic cases treated by lingual system with the same end result comparable to labial orthodontic system. KEY WORDS invisible, labial ,lingual, orthodonticsPublication Assessment of Clinical Outcomes and Patient Response to Gingival Depigmentation Using Gingival Trimming Ceramic Bur and Conventional Scalpel Technique(Kathmandu University, 2024) Thapa, S; Humagain, M; Lamichhane, S; Subedi, G; Rijal, AHABSTRACT In this era, role of esthetic in dentistry has been an evolving concern. One of the major concern is the hyperpigmented gingiva in patients with high smile line or excessive gingival display. This varies in different individuals and is assumed to be dependent on cutaneous pigmentation. Therefore, there are various methods of depigmentation. Hereby, is a case report of depigmentation done on upper anterior gingival region and comparing the output and patient response where half of the segment was done by using scalpel and the other half by ceramic bur with a follow up of three months. And this report concludes that ceramic bur has more advantages over scalpel technique. KEY WORDS Depigmentation, Esthetics, Soft tissue trimming ceramic burPublication Assessment of Periodontal Status of the People in Chepang Hill Tract of Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study(Kathmandu University, 2018) Humagain, M; Adhikari, SABSTRACT Background Periodontal disease is one of the common oral and dental disease globally. The main etiology of periodontal disease is microbial plaque. However, it shares many common etiological factors with other chronic diseases. The Chepang are an indigenous Tibeto- Burman people group numbering around fifty-two thousand mainly inhabiting the rugged ridges of the Mahabharat mountain range of central Nepal. They are the tribes with different food habit, religion and culture. Till date no studies has been conducted about the periodontal and oral health status of the Chepang people. Objective To determine the prevalence of periodontitis in adult Chepang population so that knowing about its prevalence and distribution, besides serving as a demographic tool, will also help in having overview about the need for providing proper oral health care and awareness programs and initiatives aimed at reducing the disease prevalence in this indigenous group. Method The study was conducted among the adult (21 to 70 years) Chepang of Chitwan district. It was the cross sectional study with the random sampling technique. Modified Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and loss of attachment were used to record the periodontal status of all 308 sampled population. Result Out of 308 sampled participants 179 were male and 129 were female. The highest number of participants were from 41 to 50 years old (38.31%). 57.14% adult Chepang brushes their teeth once daily and 31.49% brushes twice daily and 1.30% of them had never brushes their teeth. 36.36% had loss of attachment of 4-5 mm without any significant gender difference. 6.17% of the study population had severe form of periodontitis with ≥ 12 mm of attachment loss. Calculus deposit was abundant in 57.79% of the study sample, and 25.64% shows pocket depth of 4 to 5 mm. Loss of attachment and CPI score is found to be increased with increasing age. Conclusion Result of this study reveals the presence of periodontal problems in adult Chepang population. Higher calculus with attachment loss and pocket depth were the major problems seen in this community. This highlights the necessity of implementation of more preventive program in this specific targeted population. KEY WORDS Chepang, Community, Periodontal, PrevalencePublication Capillary Haemangioma of Gingiva - A Rare Lesion(Kathmandu University, 2023) Manohar, B; Meena, V; Metgud, R; Bhuvaneshwari, S; Humagain, MABSTRACT Capillary Haemangioma is a benign vascular tumour characterized by proliferation of blood vessels with a very striking similarity to pyogenic granuloma with a predilection to occur on the gingiva. Though the head and neck are the most common region of occurrence, but is considered to be rare occurring on the gingiva, intra-orally. The lesion clinically mimicked pyogenic granuloma but was histopathologically diagnosed as capillary haemangioma. It was surgically excised and followed up for 6 months without any recurrence. KEY WORDS Capillary haemangioma, Hamartoma, Haemangioma, Pyogenic granuloma, TelangiectasisPublication Clinico-histopathological Survey of Head and Neck Cancer at Tertiary Health Care Centre -Dhulikhel Hospital(Kathmandu University, 2016) Dixit, S; Upadhyaya, C; Humagain, M; Srii, R; Marla, VABSTRACT Background Head and neck is one of the most prevalent site for cancers along with lungs, cervix, breast and stomach. Hospital based cancer registries required for effective evaluation of diagnosis and management of cancer is inadequate in Nepal. Cancer registry system established by WHO is acquired by seven major hospitals in our country. However, data from tertiary health care centres like ours remain undocumented. Objective The objective of this study is to perform retrospective analysis of clinico- histopathological types of head and neck lesions which were eventually diagnosed as cancer in Dhulikel Hospital, a tertiary health care centre of Central East Nepal. Method Data regarding head and neck lesions diagnosed as cancer (January 2001- December 2014) were extracted from the archives of Department of General Pathology. These cases were categorised according to demographic profile, site of cancer and histological diagnosis. Result A total of 240 cases matched the inclusion criteria and were selected for this study. Male: Female ratio of 1.3:1 with a mean age of 52 years (52.82±1.8) was found. Two hundred and two (84.16%) patients were diagnosed with carcinoma, 31 (15%) with lymphoma, 3 (1.25%) with melanoma, 2(0.83%) with small round cell tumor and 2 (0.83%) with sarcoma. The most common histological types of carcinoma seen were Squamous cell carcinoma (138 cases; 57.5%) followed by papillary carcinoma (26 cases; 10.8%). Among the lymphomas Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (21 cases; 8.75%) was the most predominant type. The most common site of presentation was oral cavity (60 cases; 25%) followed by skin (36 cases; 15%), thyroid (32 cases; 13.33%) and oesophagus (27 cases; 11.25%). Metastasis to cervical lymph node was found in 39 cases (16.25%). Conclusion Based on these finding, it was observed that Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common type followed by different epithelial and mesenchymal malignancies in head and neck region. The results revealed by this study will provide useful information for planning the health care policies about cancer in Nepal and will be more effective and helpful to the patients of remote areas. KEY WORDS Carcinoma, clinico-histopathological, head and neck region, lymphoma, Nepal, sarcomaPublication Clinicopathological Analysis of Oral Lesions - A hospital based retrospective study(Kathmandu University, 2019) Poudel, P; Upadhyaya, C; Humagain, M; Srii, R; Chaurasia, N; Dulal, SABSTRACT Background Proper diagnosis plays a key role that determines treatment and prognosis of the disease. To give appropriate clinical diagnosis, clinicians must be well aware of the presentation and demographic information of the lesion including the rare ones. Histopathology is still considered as gold standard in diagnostic pathology but final diagnosis becomes difficult unless detailed clinical and radiological descriptions are given. Hence an interdisciplinary approach is needed which requires correlation between both clinical and pathological details. Objective To analyze the clinicopathological details of all the oral lesions diagnosed in Dhulikhel hospital within the period of two years and to assess the concordance between clinical and histopathological diagnosis of these lesions. Method Laboratory record file of all the oral lesions diagnosed between January 2016 to December 2017 were retrieved from the department archives and the data were collected. The extracted data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. Result A total of 237 cases were analysed in the present study. Odontogenic cysts were the most common category followed by benign lesions. However considering the individual lesion, mucocele was the commonest lesion followed by squamous cell carcinoma. Total concordance between clinical and histopathologic diagnosis was found in 56.5% cases. The most clinicopathological agreement was seen for benign lesions followed by malignant lesions. Conclusion Mucocele and oral squamous cell carcinoma are the two most common lesions found among the patients visiting our hospital. The cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma are on a rise with each subsequent year. At present, though it is the second most common entity, it can be hypothesized that it may be higher up on the list. Therefore, oral healthcare awareness is paramount and this may be one of the best ways to reduce the oral cancer incidence rates and lowering the healthcare management burden. KEY WORDS Agreement, Concordance, Diagnosis, Prevalence, Oral lesionsPublication Crown Lengthening Surgery for Enhancing Restorative Treatment in Esthetic Zone(Kathmandu University, 2021) Dawadi, A; Humagain, M; Sapkota, B; Subba, M; Neupane, M; Lamichhane, SABSTRACT For obtaining adequate retention for restoring cases like subgingival caries or extensive caries that shortens the tooth, short clinical crown, and fractures, it is usually necessary to disclose more tooth structure. Crown lengthening procedure is done to increase the clinical crown length for restorative or esthetic reasons without breaching the biologic width. These procedures are also utilized to improve the appearance and retention of restorations placed within the esthetic zone. We report a case of crown lengthening surgery with an internal bevel gingivectomy which was done in our department without compromising tooth support and esthetics. KEY WORDS Crown lengthening, Esthetics, GingivectomyPublication Dental Negligence: Accidental Administration of Formalin Instead of Local Anesthetic(Kathmandu University, 2021) Manohar, B; Ranjitha, RS; Bhuvaneshwari, S; Awasthi, R; Humagain, MABSTRACT A solution like formalin used as a fixative has to be handled with lot of care and needs to be stored with utmost care. Negligence on part of the dental professional by accidentally injecting formalin instead of the local anesthetic can lead to permanent tissue damage and also may induce a life threatening situation. The operating dentist injected formalin accidentally instead of the local anesthetic and the patient experienced severe pain and burning sensation. The general practice of formalin being stored in the local anesthetic bottles and being assisted by untrained assistant is the most common reason for mishaps to happen. The dentist operating should be careful and aware of the drugs and chemicals being available in the operatory and re-check the solution being injected in the patient as to not land up in complications because of the negligence. KEY WORDS Formalin, Dental negligence, Local anestheticPublication Efficacy of Four Herbal Extracts on Actinobacillus Actinomycetemcomitans and Prophyromonas Gingivalis: an in vitro microbiological study(Kathmandu University, 2024) Kafle, D; Humagain, M; Luintel, S; Karki, A; Lamichhane, JABSTRACT Background Periodontitis is probably one of the most common diseases occurring worldwide caused by interaction of anaerobic and aerobic microorganism found in dental plaque. Medicinal plant extracts, rooted in traditions like Ayurveda, provide a promising avenue for antimicrobial study against periodontal pathogens. Objective To assess the antimicrobial properties of extracts from indigenous medicinal plants against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (ATCC: 29522) and Prophyromonas gingivalis (ATCC: 33277), two potent periodontal pathogens. Method Four medicinal plants grown in different altitudes of Nepal were selected Tejpatta (Cinnamomum tamala), Vajradanti (Barleria prionitis), Danti (Baliospermum montanum), and Ghotape (Centella asiatica), henceforth denoted as GP1, GP2, GP3 and GP4 respectively), and their extracts were prepared using standard biochemical protocol. Phytochemical composition was analyzed through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC- MS). Antimicrobial activity against A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis was assessed through MIC, MBC, and zone of inhibition assays. Result All of the four extracts were found to have antimicrobial activities against A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivitis. The dry extract of Tejpatta was the most effective for zone of inhibition with minimal concentration of 187.5 μg/ml for MIC and 750 μg/ml for MBC. Additionally, Vajradanti and Danti were also effective against P gingivalis with the highest zone of inhibition (25 mm) followed by the dry extract of Tejpatta (22 mm) at a concentration of 100 mg/ml. Conclusion Phytochemical analysis revealed diverse chemical compounds in the plant extracts, indicating a potential therapeutic value. Among the four herbal plants, GP1 (Cinnamomum tamala) was found as the most potent against A. actinomycetemcomitans. GP2 (Barleria prionitis), GP3 (Baliospermum montanum) and GP1 (Cinnamomum tamala) displayed significant inhibition zones against both the periodontal pathogens A. actinomycetemcomitans and P gingivalis. KEY WORDS Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Periodontitis, Prophyromonas gingivalis, Medicinal plantsPublication Gender Based Comparison of Gingival Zenith Esthetics(Kathmandu University, 2016) Humagain, M; Rokaya, D; Srii, R; Dixit, S; Kafle, DABSTRACT Background The size, proportion and gingival zenith position of maxillary anterior teeth plays in the anterior teeth esthetics. Objective To compare the gingival zenith positions and levels between male and female in right and left side as an esthetic parameter. Method Impression of the maxillary arch was made in each participant with irreversible hydrocolloid, and dental cast was made with dental stone type IV. Two clinical parameters were evaluated: (1) the gingival zenith position (GZP) from the vertical bisected midline along the long axis of each individual maxillary anterior tooth; and (2) the gingival zenith level (GZL) of the lateral incisors in an apical-coronal direction relative to the gingival line joining the tangents of the GZP of the adjacent central incisor and canine teeth under healthy conditions. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS with the level of significance (α) = 0.05. Descriptive statistics was done and Independent t-test was used to compare the GZP and GZL between male and female. Result In male, the gingival zenith position for right side central, lateral and canine were 1.05 mm, 0.57 mm and 0.14 mm, and in left side were 1.02 mm, 0.53 mm, 0.15 mm. In female, the gingival zenith position for right side central, lateral and canine were 0.99 mm, 0.48 mm and 0.15 mm, and in left side were 0.94 mm, 0.44 mm and 0.14 mm. The gingival zenith position was significantly different between male and female for both lateral incisors. In addition, significantly different was found for the lateral incisor between right and left side. In male, the gingival zenith level of right and left lateral incisors 0.74 mm and 0.71 mm. In female, the gingival zenith level of right and left lateral incisors 0.76 mm and 0.72 mm. No significant difference was found between male and female for the gingival zenith level of right and left lateral incisors. Conclusion The GZP and GZL obtained from this study can be clinically applied to reestablish the GZP of the maxillary anterior teeth during periodontal surgery; crown lengthening or root coverage procedures. KEY WORDS Esthetics, gingiva, maxilla, zenithPublication Measurement of Renal Arteries Using Multi detector Computed Tomography: A Study in Tertiary Care Hospital in Nepal(Institute of Medicine, 2018) Khanal, UP; Ansari, M; Humagain, M; Dhakal, SAbstract Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the dimensions ofthe renal arteries (length and diameter), among the patients referred for Contrast Enhanced CT(CECT) of abdomen in department of Radiology and Imaging, Tribhuwan University, Teaching Hospital. Methods: This prospective study was performed in Department ofRadiology and Imaging TUTH with A total of 135 (73 male and 62 female) patients underwent CECT abdomen from June to September 2018. In this study the diameter of right and left renal arteries, the length of right and left renal arteries were determined. Results: The mean values of right renal artery diameter were found to be(0 .5706 ± 0.09861 cm) in males and (0.5061 ± 0.08384 cm) in females respectively. The mean values of left renal arteries diameter were found to be (0.5889 ± 0.10351 cm) in males and (0.5354 ± 0.10552 cm) in females respectively. The mean values of right renal artery length were found to be (4.568751 ± 0.83128cm) in males and (4.0318 ± 0.87575cm) in females respectively. The mean values of left renal arteries length were found to be (3.5990 ± 0.79567cm) in males and (3.2002 ± 0.59207cm) in females respectively. The diameter of renal artery diameter exhibited statistically significant differences in relation to age of the patients (p<0.05) with peak values in 55- 64 years age group where the mean right and left renal arteries diameters were found to be 5.801 mm and 6.012 mm respectively. Conclusion: This study concluded that the diameter of the renal arteries variessignificantly with the age of the patients. Keywords: Multi detector computed tomography, renal artery dimensionsPublication Nepalese Esthetic Dental (NED) Proportion in Nepalese Population(Kathmandu University, 2015) Rokaya, D; Kitisubkanchana, J; Wonglamsam, A; Santiwong, P; Srithavaj, T; Humagain, MABSTRACT Background Lots of studies on maxillary anterior teeth proportions have been studied in different populations in various countries, but no studies have been conducted in Nepal on the esthetic maxillary anterior teeth proportions. Objective The study was done to investigate the maxillary anterior teeth proportions in a Nepalese population. Teeth proportions in the total population were compared with golden proportion (GP) and golden standard (GS). Method A total of 150 Nepalese subjects were divided in three facial types; broad, average and narrow group. Maxillary anterior teeth were measured from dental casts using digital calipers. The perceived width ratios of lateral to central incisor (LI/CI) and canine to lateral incisor (CN/LI), ratios of mean central incisor length to 2 central incisor widths (CIL/2CIW), and actual width to length ratios (WLRs) (%) were calculated in each facial type and compared. Mean LI/CI, CN/LI and CIL/2CIW in total population were calculated and compared with GP (0.618), and mean WLRs in the total population were compared with GS (80%). All teeth proportions were compared among three facial types. One-sample t-test and one-way ANOVA were performed to analyze the data (α = 0.05). Result The LI/CI, CN/LI, CIL/2CIW and WLRs in three facial types showed no significant difference. The LI/CI, CN/LI and CIL/2CIW in the total population were 66%, 70% and 55% respectively, and were significantly different from GP. The WLRs for CI, LI and CN in the total population were 90%, 86% and 89% respectively and significantly differed from GS. These values were considered to constitute the Nepalese Esthetic Dental (NED) proportion. Conclusion No significant difference of maxillary anterior teeth proportions were observed among three facial types. Teeth proportions in the total population significantly differed from GP and GS. We propose the NED proportion as a guideline for dental treatment in the maxillary anterior region in Nepalese populations. KEY WORDS Anterior tooth, esthetics, golden proportion, golden standard, Nepalese population, teeth proportion.Publication Periodontal Disease - Is Prevention Possible ?(Kathmandu University, 2018) Manohar, B; Humagain, MNAPublication Periodontal infections and cardiovascular disease: Is it a mere association?(Kathmandu University, 2006) Humagain, M; Nayak, DG; Uppoor, ASThe oral cavity is a major site of chronic infection and inflammation, particularly periodontal or chronic gum diseases. In recent years there has been increasing interest in the “periodontal systemic connection” between periodontal health parameters and risks of cardiovascular disease. Given that poor oral health and cardiovascular disease are major worldwide health problems, their association are potentially important. The article summarizes the evidences from epidemiologic studies and studies that focused on potential contributing mechanisms to provide an insight of this associationPublication Peripheral Cemento-Ossifying Fibroma(Kathmandu University, 2017) Humagain, M; Dawadi, A; Srii, R; Poudel, PABSTRACT Peripheral cemento-ossifying fibroma (PCOF), a relatively uncommon lesion, reactive in nature is seen as an overgrowth of the gingival tissues often leading to periodontal problems. It is a benign tumor with slow-growing potential commonly affecting the anterior maxilla whose pathogenesis till date is uncertain. It is usually challenging to diagnose peripheral cemento-ossifying fibroma based on clinical observation and examination, hence histopathological examination is mandatory to arrive at an accurate diagnosis. Recurrence of the lesion is common unless and until it is completely excised. We present the report of two cases of peripheral cemento-ossifying fibroma of our department, complaining of a mass in the gingiva of posterior maxilla and mandible. KEY WORDS Irritational fibroma, Mineralized deposits, Peripheral cemento-ossifying fibromaPublication Prevalence of dry socket following extraction of permanent teeth at Kathmandu University Teaching Hospital (KUTH), Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal: A study(Kathmandu University, 2010) Upadhyaya, C; Humagain, MAbstract Background: One of the most common postoperative complications following the extraction of permanent teeth is a condition known as dry socket. Although the aetiology of dry socket is debated, it is probably multifactoral, and its pathogenesis remains unknown. Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate incidence of dry socket following extraction of permanent teeth at dental out-patient department (OPD) of Dhulikhel hospital, Kathmandu university teaching hospital (KUTH), Kavre, Nepal. Materials and methods: Retrospective reviews of records of total 1860 no of patients were studied who underwent extraction of permanent teeth for various reasons since January 2007 to December 2008 period. There were 873(47%) male patients and 987(53%) female patients. Information regarding indications for extraction, extracted tooth status, onset of symptoms, relevant findings of the examining clinician, interval between presentation, management given, and its outcome were retrieved and analysed. Results: A total 1860 no of patients were studied who underwent extraction of total 2640 number of permanent teeth for various reasons. A total of 103 (3.9%) extractions were complicated by dry socket in patients aged 11 to 80 years with female predominance (54.4%). Conclusion: The etiology of dry socket is multifactorial and ultimately it is the host’s healing potential which determines the severity and duration of the condition. The incidence of dry socket was found as 3.9% in this study. The incidence was higher in female patients (54.4%) and in mandibular teeth extraction cases (68.93%). Key words: Extraction, Dry socket, TeethPublication Radiographic Evaluation of Crestal Bone Loss in Pre-loading and Post-loading States of Endosteal Implants in Maxilla and Mandible- A prospective study(Kathmandu University, 2023) Lamichhane, S; Humagain, M; Bhusal, S; Rijal, AH; Rupakhety, PABSTRACT Background Peri-implant tissue integrity depends upon healthy peri-implant mucosa and bone. The crestal bone is one of the governing factors for successful implant therapy both functionally and esthetically. There are limited radiographic studies in Nepalese population for determination of crestal bone loss around peri-implant area comparing the bone loss at pre- and post-loading state. Objective To evaluate the bone loss in mesial and distal, maxilla and mandible before and after the implant supported prosthesis delivery. Method A 6-months prospective study was planned and conducted in 26 endosteal implants (13 maxillary and 13 mandibular) which were placed in 20 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria. The crestal bone loss was measured and compared using digital radiography images using the designated software. The differences among the crestal bone loss in mesial and distal, maxilla and mandible in pre- (3 months of implant placement) and post-loading states (3 months of prosthesis delivery) were evaluated using the appropriate statistical tests. Result The crestal bone loss was more pronounced in the pre-loading stage (1.12 mm) compared to post-loading (0.48 mm). Initially, the bone remodelling was higher in the distal aspect whereas there was no significant difference between mesial and distal aspect in post-loading phase. Comparing maxilla with mandible, there were no significant differences in bone loss in both phases. Conclusion Within the limitations of this study, the crestal bone loss was found upto the physiological limit of bone remodelling provided the implants placed in strict, aseptic condition with proper case selection and planning. KEY WORDS Crestal bone loss, Dental implants, Implant supported dental prosthesis, OsseointegrationPublication Resuscitating Dentistry: A Challenge in Covid 19 Pandemic(Kathmandu University, 2020) Humagain, MNA