Journal Issue: Volume: 16, No 4, Issue 64, OCT.-DEC, 2018
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Volume
Number
Issue Date
2018
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
1812-2027
Journal Volume
Articles
Periodontal Disease - Is Prevention Possible ?
(Kathmandu University, 2018) Manohar, B; Humagain, M
NA
The Significance of ERG and Androgen Receptor Expression in Adenocarcinoma Prostate
(Kathmandu University, 2018) Husain, I; Sagar, P; Shukla, S; Babu, S; Singhai, A; Sankhwar, SN; Husain, N
ABSTRACT
Background
Fusions of transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2) with erythroblast
transformation specific transcription factors have been found in prostate cancer. The
v-etserythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homologue (ERG) is a proto-oncogene of
the erythroblast transformation specific transcription factor family. TMPRSS2-ERG
fusion is the most common molecular alteration present in about 50% of prostatic
adenocarcinomas. Androgen receptor (AR) plays a key role in prostate development
and is involved in the progression of prostate cancer.
Objective
To evaluate the significance of combined ERG and AR expression in cases of prostatic
adenocarcinoma.
Method
The study was conducted at Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences,
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Formalin fixed-paraffin embedded archival prostatic
tissue specimens were obtained. A total of 10 cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma
were included in the study. Immunohistochemistry for Androgen receptor was done
by the standard protocol. Multiplex immunohistochemical staining was done for
ERG+CK5 using a primary antibody cocktail of mouse and rabbit antibodies.
Result
Specific AR immunostaining was exclusively nuclear and was present in all 10 cases in
varying intensity. Specific ERG immunostaining was nuclear and was present in seven
cases (70%) and absent in three cases (30%). The three cases that were negative for
ERG had a Gleason score of ≤ 6 and the AR staining was strong and present in about
90% of the cells. Gleason score was directly related to the ERG staining while AR
staining was inversely related to the ERG staining.
Conclusion
The prognostic value of combined ERG and AR over-expression, its associated genes
should be further investigated as potential therapeutic targets in prostate cancer
progression. Preliminary data is being presented. Larger prospective studies with
survival analysis are essential for prognostic significance.
KEY WORDS
Androgen Receptor, Prostate Adenocarcinoma, v-etserythroblastosis virus E26
oncogene homologue
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Environmental Tobacco Smoke among Pregnant Women of Sunsari
(Kathmandu University, 2018) Khanal, VK; Budhathoki, SS; Nath, M; Tamrakar, D; Pokharel, HP; Shrestha, A; Pokharel, PK
ABSTRACT
Background
Second hand tobacco smoke or Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS), contains toxic
substances and carcinogens that cause serious health effects in humans. Studies
show that ETS exposure during pregnancy is injurious to the mother-infant pair with
long term consequences. Limited studies are found in context of ETS in pregnancy
in Nepal.
Objective
To explore the knowledge about harmful effect of ETS exposure in pregnant women
and to know the behavior of avoidance from exposure to ETS during pregnancy.
Method
A cross sectional study was conducted among 303 pregnant women attending
antenatal clinics at the District Hospital Inaruwa and BPKIHS Dharan. A pre-tested
semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data regarding socio-demographic
characteristics, knowledge, attitude and practice regarding Environmental tobacco
smoke. Data was entered in Excel and analyzed in SPSS 11.5.
Result
The mean age of the respondents was 23.86±4.68 years. The proportion of primi-
gravida was 53.5% and multi-gravida was 46.5%. Among the respondents, 14% were
illiterate and 91% were unemployed. A similar proportion of the husbands (12%)
were illiterate. Three-fourth (75%) of the respondents lived in joint family. It was
found that 86% of their husbands were smokers. There were 61% of pregnant women
who had heard about ETS, mainly through television (35%) and radio (30%). There
was 86% of the households who had initiated some measures to prevent smoking
inside the house.
Conclusion
The pregnant women in this study are aware about ETS. However a significant
number of them believe that ETS is not harmful compared to active smoking. There
is a need for further studies to identify interventions to avoid ETS exposure among
the pregnant women.
KEY WORDS
Knowledge attitude practice, Environmental tobacco smoke in Nepal, Pregnant
women
Impairment and Functional Status of People with Disabilities Following Nepal Earthquake 2015
(Kathmandu University, 2018) Bimali, I; Adhikari, SP; Baidya, S; Shakya, NR
ABSTRACT
Background
An earthquake of 7.8 magnitude with an epicenter at Gorkha on 25th April 2015 and
a second earthquake of 6.5 magnitude with an epicenter at Sindhupalchwok on 12th
May 2015 struck Nepal, killing more than 8,500 people and injuring over 18,500
individuals, and leading to various forms of disabilities.
Objective
To investigate the impairments and functional status of the earthquake victims
through a survey.
Method
A survey was carried out in the catchment area of Bahunepati and Manekharka
outreach centers of Sindhupalchowk district and Gaurishankar outreach center of
Dolakha district of Dhulikhel Hospital. These were some of the most earthquake
affected areas. Physical disability was identified using a disability survey form given
by the Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare, Government of Nepal.
World health organization disability assessment schedule (WHODAS 2.0) was used
to identify the level of disability.
Result
Twenty-nine persons with disability (PWD) at Bahunepati, four PWD at Manekharkha
and two PWD at Gaurishankar and their catchment areas were identified. Level
of disability was an average of 56%, with the majority of survivors having upper
extremities fractures (27.6%), followed by lower extremities fractures (17.2%) and
miscellaneous injury (17.2%). A few spinal cord injuries and head injuries were also
identified.
Conclusion
The level of disability among the injured people was high. Therefore, an urgent need
of physiotherapy rehabilitation is warranted to improve the quality of life of the
earthquake victims.
KEY WORDS
Community, Disability, Nepal earthquake, Rehabilitation
Risk Factors Associated with Childhood Asthma - A Case Control Study
(Kathmandu University, 2018) Dongol, Singh S; Shrestha, A
ABSTRACT
Background
Asthma is one of the most common chronic childhood illnesses with rapidly
increasing prevalence in low income countries. For planning effective intervention to
reverse this condition we need a better understanding of the risk factors for asthma
in early life.
Objective
To identify the risk factors associated with childhood asthma and its morbidity
patterns.
Method
The case control study was conducted in the pediatric department of Dhulikhel
hospital, Kathmandu University hospital, Dhulikhel from March 2016 to March
2017. The control group was composed of 175 age matched children attending the
outpatient clinic with non pulmonary health problem. Data was collected through
Performa and analyzed using SPSS version 23. The association of asthma with genetic
and environmental risk factors was evaluated by univariant (chi-square or Fisher’s
exact test) and binomial logistic regression.
Result
Childhood asthma was more common in male children between 1-5 years. Majority
of children 77(44%) were graded as mild persistent asthma. Risk factor associated
with asthma include family history of asthma (OR0.06; 95%CI .005-0.94, p=0.04),
nonexclusive breast feeding (OR18.42; 95% CI 2.56-132.3, p=0.004), allergic disorder
in children (OR0.003; 95%CI 0.000-0.037, p=0.0001).
Conclusion
Family history of asthma, allergic history in the patient and nonexclusive breast
feeding were significantly associated with asthma. There is no significant association
of asthma with exposure to allergic food, exposure to smoke and domestic animals.
KEY WORDS
Breastfeeding, Childhood asthma, Risk factor