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Cytomorphological Findings of Thyroid Lesions Based on theBethesda System and Their Relation with Thyroid Hormonal Status:A Cross-Sectional Study
(Nepal APF Hospital, 2026) Khadka, Rajya; Shrestha, Hari Govinda; Karmacharya, Kavita; Parajuli, Ganesh; Shrestha, Rajesh; Adhikari, Ashish; Shrestha, Ujwal; Pradhan, Dipendra
Abstract: Introduction: Swelling of the thyroid gland is a common presentation of thyroid diseases, both benign and malignant, and some are associated with thyroid dysfunction. Fine needle aspiration cytology, along with ultrasound and assessment of thyroid function status, remains the mainstay of evaluation of thyroid swellings. This study aimed to classify thyroid lesions according to the Bethesda system and to assess their relationship with thyroid hormonal status. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted prospectively from April 2023 to April 2024 in a tertiary care center after ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 774). Patients with thyroid lesions were included using convenience sampling, with a sample size of 141. Fine needle aspiration cytology was performed for lesion classification. Data entry and analysis were done using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20. Results: Among 141 cases, the most common thyroid lesion diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology was benign, comprising 87 (61.70%), with benign follicular nodule accounting for 63 (44.70%) among the benign lesions. Among all, 99 (70.23%) patients presented with euthyroid status, and no statistical correlation between thyroid hormone status and benign versus malignant lesions or Bethesda classification was seen in this study. In total, 120 (85.11%) were female. The age group ranged from 18 to 87 years, and the mean age at presentation was 54.8 years. Conclusions: In this study most thyroid lesions fell into the Bethesda category II. Thus, fine needle aspiration cytology is an important diagnostic tool for thyroid lesions. However, thyroid hormone status and benign versus malignant lesions showed no statistical correlation.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Patients with Periodontitis at a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study
(Nepal APF Hospital, 2026) Shrestha, Sweta; Agrawal, Shweta; Thakur, Amresh; Bhattarai, Rosina
Abstract: Introduction: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth. Bacteria or bacterial products may enter the general circulation through the ulcerated periodontal pocket, and cytokines produced locally will also have systemic effects, altering the body's internal environment and causing insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to determine glycemic parameters among patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among 350 patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis at a tertiary-level hospital from February 2025 to August 2025. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee (Ref 030/2024). The patients were recruited by convenience sampling, written informed consent was obtained and they were sent for glycemic parameters. Data were entered in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21 and Microsoft Excel 2019. Chi-square test was utilized to compare categorical data. Results: Among 350 participants with periodontitis, the majority, 219 (62.60%) had normal glycemic levels. However, a substantial proportion showed dysglycemia in which 87 (24.90%) were classified as having pre-diabetes and 44 (12.60%) had diabetes mellitus. The chi-square test suggested that, with progression of periodontitis, poor glycemic control was observed, and periodontitis staging showed significant associations with glycemic status (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Glycemic parameters were higher in patients with periodontitis. The study showed a significant correlation between the severity of periodontitis and poor glycemic control.
Subcutaneous Fat Thickness and Superficial Surgical Site Infectionin Patients Undergoing Open Appendectomy: An ObservationalStudy
(Nepal APF Hospital, 2026) Thapa, Kaushal Samsher; Joshi, Anip; Aryal, Rishikant; Maharjan, Suresh; Yadav, Saurav Suman; Shah, Arina
Abstract: Introduction: Appendectomy is done for the treatment of acute appendicitis. Surgical Site Infection is a common postoperative complication. Most of the time, body mass index is measured to determine the presence of obesity. Still, it cannot predict adiposity at the incision site, so subcutaneous fat, which can be measured easily at the incision site, can be a better predictor. This study aimed to find a correlation between subcutaneous fat thickness and superficial surgical site infection in patients undergoing emergency open appendectomy. Methods: This prospective observational study was done from July 2023 to July 2024, including 118 cases with a diagnosis of uncomplicated appendicitis. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Board (Ref: 534/2080/81). Data were collected as per the proforma and maintained in Microsoft excel. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26 and Pearson correlation were used for statistical analysis. Results: Among 118 patients included, 11 (9.30%) had superficial surgical site infection, which was higher among female patients 6 (12%). The calculated cut-off subcutaneous fat thickness was 2.05 cm in our study. The estimated positive predictive value was 16.99% and the negative predictive value was 98.17% for subcutaneous fat in predicting infection. The receiver operating characteristic curve showed an area under the curve of 0.75, indicating that subcutaneous fat can be used as one of the predictors of superficial SSI infection. Conclusions: Patients with increased subcutaneous fat thickness at the incision site had a higher incidence of surgical site infection. This concluded that increased subcutaneous fat thickness increases the risk of superficial surgical site infection, and that local adiposity at the site of the incision is a good predictor of surgical site infection.
Morbidities, Complications and Outcomes at Discharge in Newborns Admitted with Respiratory Distress at a Tertiary Care Hospital ofNepal: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study
(Nepal APF Hospital, 2026) Shah, Prakash Man; Bhatta, Nisha Keshary; K. C., Subash; Sah, Sukrita; K. C., Sri Ram; Karki, Rajani; Pokharel, Samikshya
Abstract: Introduction: Neonatal respiratory disorders are among the leading causes of admissions to neonatal intensive care units due to respiratory distress in the early neonatal period. However, studies on their spectrum and outcomes among Nepalese neonates are limited. This study aimed to find out the proportion and types of respiratory disorders among admitted newborns, along with associated complications and outcomes. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Neonatology Unit of a tertiary care hospital from July 1, 2023 to June 30, 2024, among all inborn neonates meeting the inclusion criteria. Convenience sampling was applied, and the sample size taken was 150. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee (Ref no 241/080/081-IRC). Data were entered in Microsoft Excel 2007 and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 11.5. Results: Among 150 newborns, the most prevalent morbidity was Transient Tachypnoea of Newborn 56 (37.30%), followed by Meconium Aspiration Syndrome 46 (30.70%). Similarly, 27 (18%) had complications, and 123 (82%) had no complications. Likewise, 134 (89.30%) babies recovered and were discharged, and 7 (4.70%) died during the course of treatment. Conclusions: This study concluded that the most common morbidity was Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn, followed by Meconium Aspiration Syndrome. This study emphasizes early identification of different types of respiratory disorders and common complications among neonates with respiratory distress which will help in early recognition and treatment thereby minimizing complications and mortality.
Histopathological Examination of CT-Guided Lung Biopsy in Patients Attending Tertiary Care Hospital, Nepal: A Cross-Sectional Study
(Nepal APF Hospital, 2026) Sinha, Amrita; Sedhain, Sapana; Bhattarai, Soorya
Abstract: Introduction: Among various lesions encountered in the lung, lung cancer is one of the most common cancers and a cause of cancer-related deaths. Among malignancies, non-small cell lung carcinoma is the most common lung cancer. A CT-guided lung biopsy is a quick, reliable, and simple technique with fewer complications than other methods for diagnosing pulmonary lesions. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the histopathological outcomes of CT- guided lung biopsies and to classify the identified lung lesions. Methods: This was a hospital-based, prospective, cross-sectional study conducted from 1st August 2023 to 31st January 2024, with ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Committee (IRC-PA-314/2023). A Convenience sampling included 73 patients. The obtained data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package of the Social Sciences version 16. Results: The majority of cases with lung lesions were seen in the 71-80 years age group with male predominance. Of the 73 cases included in the study, neoplastic lesions comprised 56 (76.71%), followed by non-neoplastic lesions in 9 (12.33%), and inadequate biopsies in 8 (10.96%). Of the total 56 malignant lesions, the most common histological type was Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma, comprising 46 (82.14%), among which adenocarcinoma accounted for 30 (53.57%), followed by Squamous Cell Carcinoma accounting for 16 (28.57%). Conclusions: Lung tumors are quite common in patients presenting with a mass lesion. The most common histological type in this study was Adenocarcinoma.
Effectiveness of Kangaroo Mother Care in Early Weaning of Oxygen Therapy among Preterm Neonates in a Tertiary Care Center in Nepal: A Quasi-Experimental Study
(Nepal APF Hospital, 2026) Karki, Rajani; Basnet, Sudha; Gupta, Pradeep Kumar; Thapa, June; Adhikari, Punam; Shah, Prakash Man
Abstract: Introduction: Kangaroo Mother Care is a cost-effective intervention based on skin-to-skin contact and exclusive breastfeeding that improves survival in preterm and low birth weight infants. Early initiation of Kangaroo Mother Care during respiratory support has shown benefits in stabilizing vital parameters and improving oxygenation. The aim of this study was to find out the effectiveness of early Kangaroo Mother Care during oxygen therapy in preterm neonates. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study conducted among 62 preterm neonates of less than 37 weeks of gestation who were on assisted respiratory support, admitted in neonatal ward and neonatal intensive care unit of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital from May 2023 to March 2024. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the Institute of Medicine (Reference no: 545(6-11) E2). The enrolled neonates were alternately assigned to the two groups interventional and conventional care group. Neonates in intervention group were started on KMC while still receiving oxygen therapy while the conventional care group received daily routine care. Data was collected in predesigned performa and was entered in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26. Results: The duration of oxygen therapy was shorter in the Kangaroo Mother Care group than in the conventional group, with a mean difference of 29.30 h (95% CI 45.98 to 12.62; p=0.001). Hospital stay was shorter in the same group (6.47± 2.84 vs 7.55±3.74 days; p=0.215). Complications were also less frequent, and vital parameters improved significantly after one hour of Kangaroo Mother Care. Conclusions: Early Kangaroo Mother Care during oxygen therapy reduces duration of oxygen therapy, hospital stay and neonatal complications along with stabilization of vital parameters.
An Urgent Case for Gold Open Access Publishing in LMICs: A Nepal-India Perspective
(Nepal APF Hospital, 2026) Vaishya, Raju; Vaish, Abhishek; Shrestha, Sailendra Kumar Duwal
Abstract: Scholarly publishing today encompasses several distinct models, each offering different levels of accessibility and reuse. Traditional subscription publishing places the final article behind a ‘paywall’, limiting access to institutions or individuals with paid subscriptions. In contrast, Open Access (OA) models make articles freely available, but differ in how rights and access are granted. These models represent a spectrum of accessibility and sustainability options, shaping how knowledge is disseminated, shared, and used worldwide.
Cesarean Section in a Maternity Unit of a Tertiary Care Center of Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
(Nepal Medical Association, 2021) Shrestha, Dhan Bahadur; Khatri, Ratna; Prakash Raj Oli,; Malla, Rosy; Shrestha, Cimona; Khatiwada, Roshan; Silwal, Pratik; Shah, Prajwol Bikram
Abstract: Introduction: Cesarean section is a common obstetric procedure which is done to reduce complications in high risk pregnancies. The aim of study was to find out the prevalence of cesarean section in a maternity unit of a tertiary care center. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 497 pregnant women presenting in a maternity unit of a tertiary center of Kathmandu, Nepal over a period of six months from March to August 2017 after taking ethical approval from Institutional Review Committee (Ref. 24). In this study, the prevalence of cesarean section, perinatal outcome, maternal and neonatal complications if any were observed. Data and descriptive analysis were done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and percentage for binary data. Results: The prevalence of cesarean section was 171 (34.4%) at 95% Confidence interval (30.2-38.7). Most common indication for cesarean section was fetal distress 53 (31%). The maternal complications developed in 11 (6.4%) among those who delivered via cesarean delivery; Surgical Site Infection being the most common maternal complication. The neonatal intensive care unit admission rate among the newborns via cesarean section delivery was 48 (27.43%) and neonatal sepsis 14 (8%) was most common adverse neonatal outcome. Conclusions: The cesarean rate at the study center is higher than standard target rate of World Health Organization. Neonatal and maternal adverse outcome in current study were comparable with existing literatures.
Patient Satisfaction in Doctor Patient Communication in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kathmandu: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study
(Nepal Medical Association, 2021) Khanal, Milan Chandra; Karki, Lochan; Rijal, Badri; Joshi, Pramod; Bista, Navindra Raj; Nepal, Bikash; Rana, Krishna; Lamichhane, Prabesh
Abstract: Introduction: Communication is an important aspect of the medical profession. Doctor-patient communication plays a significant role in health care delivery. This study aims to find outpatient department patient satisfaction in doctor-patient communication in a tertiary care hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal in the month of August 2019. Validated questionnaire of Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire, consisting of 80 items, originally developed by Willis H. Ware and his colleagues were used and distributed to the patient in the outpatient department of the hospital. Their satisfaction level for doctor-patient communication was assessed on a five-point scale. The questionnaire was distributed randomly to the patient attending the hospital outpatient department during one month period. Results: Out of the total participants, 420 (96%) at 95% CI (95.07–96.93) respondents reported that they were satisfied regarding communication with their doctors. Among the patients, 109 (24.0%) visited the department of medicine followed by obstetrics and gynaecology 85 (19.4%). Conclusions: The majority of participants were found to be satisfied with the doctor-patient communication. While this study has shown that the communication in the doctor-patient relationship was seen to be satisfactory, this might not show the generalized picture of the country. We should also think of ways to further improve the communication in our hospitals.
Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Medicine Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
(Nepal Medical Association, 2021) Karki, Lochan; Singh, Niraj Kumar
Abstract: Introduction: The best recognized systemic manifestations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease include, cardiovascular co-morbidities, cachexia and muscle dysfunction, osteoporosis, anemia, and clinical depression and anxiety. This study was undertaken to find the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients who were admitted in the medicine department of a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in the medicine department of Nepal Medical College and teaching hospital between October 2009 and January 2010. Ethical approval was taken from the Intitutional Review Committee. Convenience sampling technique was used. All chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients were included. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate baseline characteristics. Point estimate at 90% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Results: Out of 84 patients, the period prevalence of metabolic syndrome is 30 (35.71%) (29.80-40.20 at 90% Confidence Interval) as per the definition by International Diabetes Federation 2006 for South Asians. Among them, 35 (41.67%) were male and 49 (58.33% ) were female. Eight (9.5%) were of age between 40-49 years, 11 (13.1%) between 50-59 years, 27 (32.1%) between 60-69 years and 38 (45.2%) of 70 years and above. Conclusions: The study showed that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was found to be lower than the previous study done in similar settings.
Hospital Stay of Orthopedic Cases in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
(Nepal Medical Association, 2021) Joshi, Pramod
Abstract: Introduction: Orthopedic conditions includes a range of condition varying from traumatic injuries, congenital anomalies, chronic back pain, arthritis, rheumatologic conditions, and other. Length of hospital stay is determined by a number of factors such as symptom severity, patient co morbidity and hospital availability. Our study aims to study the length of hospital stay of the patients admitted in a provincial hospital. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Seti Provincial Hospital in the month of January among 800 cases. The record of each orthopedic cases admitted in the hospital was retrospectively collected from the medical record section after receiving ethical approval from Institutional Review Committee of Seti Provincial Hospital. Whole sampling technique was used. Data were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20. The descriptive statistical analysis was done. Results: The average length of hospital stay was 2.87 days with the maximum length of the stay of 10 days and the minimum stay of zero days (discharged on the same day). Forearm bone fracture was the main reason for admission in the hospital 325 (40.62%). Conclusions: Length of the hospital stay was found to shorter than the previous study done in similar settings.
Dyslipidemia in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
(Nepal Medical Association, 2021) Mehta, Ram Kumar; Koirala, Puru; Mallick, Ram Lala; Parajuli, Surya; Jha, Rajneesh
Abstracts: Introduction: Dyslipidemia is highly prevalent among type 2 diabetic patients. It increases the risk of atherosclerosis and consequent mortality in diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of dyslipidemia among type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study in 355 type 2 diabetic patients at tertiary care hospital from 15th May, 2020 to 15th November, 2020 after taking ethical clearence from Institutional Review Committee (Reference no. IRC-PA-052/2077-78). Convenience sampling was done. Demographic and lipid profile variables were recorded based on the structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and percentage for binary data. Results: Out of total 355 cases of type 2 Diabetes mellitus, prevalence of dyslipidemia was 224 (63.1%). It was more prevalent in male 145 (69.4%) than female 79 (54.1%). Increased Low density Lipoprotein (94.2%) was the most prevalent type followed by mixed dyslipidemia (91.1%). Conclusions: Dyslipidemia was common among type 2 diabetic patients and was higher in male gender, older age, obesity and longer duration of diabetes. Hence type 2 diabetic patient should undergo the routine monitoring of blood sugar and lipid profile so that any abnormalities can be identified and preventive measures along with interventions can be initiated at the earliest.
Unleashing Potential of a Medical Student in a Medical Journal: Dual Full-time Responsibilities
(Nepal Medical Association, 2021) Neupane, Asmita
Abstract: “Only those who will risk going too far can possibly find out how far one can go”-TS Elliot. Joining the editorial support as a medical student, at the Journal of Nepal Medical Association, full-time responsibilities, were challenging to perform. Applying and getting into the Journal of Nepal Medical Association team was only the start of a very vast learning experience. Learning leadership qualities, time management skills, communication skills and technical skills, helped me to excel in my duty as assistant editor and a medical student. Involving in the training and working with authors and the editorial team, I have learned about the actual research and its scenario in Nepal.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nepal
(Nepal Medical Association, 2021) Shrestha, Lok Bahadur; Syangtan, Gopiram; Basnet, Ajaya; Acharya, Krishna Prasad; Chand, Arun Bahadur; Pokhrel, Khilasa
Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is both a frequent commensal and a leading cause of endocarditis, bacteremia, osteomyelitis and skin and soft tissue infections and device-related infections. We performed this minireview to summarize the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus among clinical samples and estimate the proportion of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus among clinical isolates in Nepal is 34.5%. On average, the proportion of multi-drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus is 57.1%. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus accounts for a total of 41.7%. Inducible clindamycin resistance was detected in about 35% of the isolates. A regular antimicrobial resistance surveillance mechanism is necessary to mitigate the development of resistance among organisms and further spread of superbugs like methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus.
Radiofrequency Ablation of Osteoid Osteoma of Neck of Femur: A Case Report Authors
(Nepal Medical Association, 2021) Shrestha, Sailendra Kumar Duwal; Rayamajhi, Anuj Jung; Rawal, Prabhat; Thapa, Rossu; Karki, Umash; Chapagain, Sundar
Abstract: Osteoid osteoma is the most common benign bone forming tumor characterized by a nidus surrounded by reactive sclerotic bone typically associated with nocturnal pain and most common in males less than 30 years. Diagnosis may be difficult in cases of atypical presentation, intraarticular localizations or very small size. Computed tomography guided radiofrequency ablation is one of the promising treatment methods being used with an advantage of minimal invasion, faster recovery and shorter hospitalization. We present a case of an 8-year-old boy with osteoid osteoma of neck of femur managed successfully with radiofrequency ablation. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported on radiofrequency ablation in Nepal.
Bilateral Moraxella Keratitis in a Healthy Person after an Episode of Conjunctivitis: A Case Report
(Nepal Medical Association, 2021) Bajracharya, Leena; Rana, Rachana Singh
Abstract: Moraxella species are gram-negative diplobacilli and are rare cause of bacterial keratitis. We report a case of a 55-year-old woman presented with pain, redness and profound decrease in vision in both eyes for 2 weeks. One month back she had been treated as acute follicular conjunctivitis elsewhere. She had been treated with ofloxacin drops. On examination, she had central oval full-thickness infiltrate with thinning of cornea and hypopyon in both eyes. She had pseudomembrane in the tarsal conjunctiva. Corneal culture, done separately, showed isolation of Moraxella species, which was resistant to fluoroquinolones. She responded to fortified amikacin and ulcer healed with best-corrected vision of 6/24 and 6/18 in right and left eye respectively. Moraxella keratitis can cause severe keratitis. Conjunctivitis may be complicated by keratitis. Antibiotic resistance can cause problem. Bilateral keratitis should be referred promptly to higher centers if not responding well to treatment.
Mesenteroaxial Gastric Volvulus: A Case Report
(Nepal Medical Association, 2021) Pandey, Sampanna; Paudel, Madhav; Parajuli, Anuj; Ghimire, Roshan; Neupane, Asmita
Abstract: Gastric volvulus is defined as an abnormal rotation of the stomach. Classical textbook presentation may not always be present. Meticulous assessment and broadened differential diagnosis are thus crucial. Various types have been described in literature. Low threshold for detection with aggressive resuscitation and immediate surgical exploration on suspected incarceration or perforation are mandatory. We report a case of 16-years-female who had atypical presentation of mesenteroaxial gastric volvulus. Emergency exploratory laparotomy with wedge resection and primary repair of stomach with anterolateral gastropexy was performed. She had uneventful recovery with discharge on fifth postoperative day.
Vaginal Leiomyoma: A Case Report Authors
(Nepal Medical Association, 2021) Shah, Miki; Saha, Rachana; KC, Niranjan
Abstract: Leiomyomas are common benign tumors of the uterus, affecting 20-30% of women of reproductive age group. But vaginal leiomyomas remain an uncommon entity with only about 300 reported cases. The first case was described in 1733. Only a few cases have been reported in Nepal to date. Tumors are thought to arise from Mullerian smooth muscle cells in the sub-epithelium of the vagina. Vaginal leiomyomas are usually situated in the anterior vaginal wall. Here, we report a case of a 48-year old multipara who presented the outpatient department with the ultrasonographic report showing multiple uterine fibroids but was asymptomatic. A physical examination showed a mass in the right vaginal wall. Pervaginal removal of the tumor was performed and subsequent histopathology revealed a vaginal leiomyoma. Removal of the tumor by the vaginal route, wherever possible, with the subsequent histopathological examination, appears to be the optimum management plan.
Practices Regarding COVID-19 among Online Respondents in Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study Authors
(Nepal Medical Association, 2021) Chapagain, Sudeep; Singh, Aastha; Basnet, Prabina; Neupane, Rasik; Pokhrel, Nirdesh
Abstract: Introduction: The alarming rate of rise in COVID-19 cases led to lockdown in Nepal in order to curb the transmission and spread of the virus among the general public. This research was conducted to know the practices regarding the COVID-19 among the general population of Nepal. The aim of the study is to find out the value of different practices regarding COVID-19 which includes use of face masks, avoiding crowded places and hand hygiene. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among 509 online respondents residing 28th November to 15th December 2020 in Nepal. Ethical approval for the study was taken from the Nepal Health Research Council (Reference number 1350). Convenient sampling method was used. Data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Software Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 26.0. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Results: Out of 509 participants, 492 (96.66%) (Confidence Interval= 95.1%-98.2%) uses mask, 437 (85.85%) (Confidence Interval= 82.82%-88.87%) avoided going to crowded places and 503 (98.82%) (95% Confidence Interval= 97.88%-99.76%) practiced hand hygiene during lockdown. Among 492 (96.66%) who wore face mask during the lockdown, 482 (94.69%) were still continuing using the face mask after the restriction was eased. Conclusions: The study concludes good practices regarding COVID-19 among Nepalese population but is still not satisfying. This depicted adequate awareness among the public as a result of adequate dissemination of information and resources during the lockdown.
Survival of Resin-Bonded Fixed Metal-Ceramic Dental Prostheses Placed in the Anterior Region: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
(Nepal Medical Association, 2021) Bhusal, Dinesh Sharma; Khanal, Sunita; Parajuly, Prakash Kumar
Abstract: Introduction: Resin-bonded fixed dental prostheses have an advantage over conventional fixed dental prostheses in terms of conservation of tooth structure but many clinicians refrain from using this treatment plan over the concern of the retention of those prostheses. In anterior region, it has better survival rate because of the less masticatory force. This study was conducted to find out the survival of resin-bonded fixed metal-ceramic dental prostheses placed in anterior region of a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital from September 2020 to February 2021. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Committee of Kantipur Dental College (reference number: 29/020). One hundred fifty-five patients who underwent prosthesis placement at least 5 years ago in the institution were identified from the hospital record and called, out of which only 80 agreed to be enrolled in the study. Consent was taken and data were collected using questionnaires filled by investigators and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25. Point estimate at 90% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and percentage for binary data. Results: Out of 80 patients, the prostheses survived in 72 (90%) (90% Confidence Interval 84.48-95.51). The mean duration for which the prostheses survived in the mouth was 73.33±13.493 months with minimum 28 and maximum 98 months. Conclusions: This study showed that the survival after five years of resin-bonded fixed dental metal ceramic was high. The study's findings are comparable with international studies.

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