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Pretibial Cyst after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Non-bioabsorbable Interference Screw
(Institute of Medicine, 2018) Thapa, SS; Lamichhane, A; Mahara, DP
Abstract Pretibial cyst formation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is a rare late complication. Exact etiology is not known, but it is commonly reported with use of bioabsorbable screw for fixation. Here we report a very rare case of pretibial cyst after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction even with use of non-bioabsorbable screw for fixation. Keywords: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), Pretibial cyst, Titanium screw
Case of necrotizing fasciitis of breast in a young lactating mother
(Institute of Medicine, 2018) Jha, P; Jha, BK
Abstract Introduction: Necrotizing fasciitis is an infection of soft tissues associated with a high risk of mortality. Primary necrotizing fasciitis of breast is an extremely rare condition with very few cases reported in literature. Case presentation: This case report describes a 19 year old Hindu female with necrotizing fasciitis of left breast. Patient was managed with intravenous antibiotics, early aggressive debridement, daily dressing followed by split thickness skin grafting. Conclusion: Though necrotizing fasciitis of breast is a rare condition, it should be suspected in a patient with pain and swelling of breast. Keywords: Necrotizing fasciitis, Breast
Pulmonary aspergillosis in a renal transplant recipient
(Institute of Medicine, 2018) Nepali, R; Shah, DS
Abstract Aspergilloma, one of the spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis, is the most common and best-recognised form of pulmonary involvement by Aspergillus species. It usually develops in a pre-existing cavity in the lung secondary to tuberculosis. Here, we present a case of live non related renal transplant recipient with aspergilloma with bronchiectasis with tuberculosis who underwent left upper lobectomy with antitubercular treatment and voriconazole with complete resolution. Keywords: Renal transplant, aspergilloma, tuberculosis
Unusual neurological cause of intractable hiccups: A case report
(Institute of Medicine, 2018) Thapa, B; Sedain, G; Sharma, MR
Abstract Intractable hiccups is a poorly understood medical problem and the pathophysiology is highly debatable. Here we report a interesting case of 40 year male patient who presented to us with complains of difficulty in swallowing and hiccups for 3 weeks which was resistant to medication . MRI scans revealed Chiari I malformation and cervical syrinx. He underwent Suboccipital craniectomy including a C1 laminectomy following which he was relieved of intractable hiccups.
Public demand of anti-rabies vaccination prophylaxis for contacts of two rabies victims
(Institute of Medicine, 2018) Yadav, RS; Bhatt, YP; Shrestha, S
Abstract Rabies is a neglected tropical disease culminating in fatal encephalitis. Available under-estimated data of dog bites with a huge number of mortalities point rabies as a re-emerging disease of global health importance. Public awareness is of greatest importance in preventing rabies deaths. One health framework along with dog vaccination and population control measures are next elements in combatting high burden of rabies in developing nations like Nepal. Two rabies deaths from same 2.5-3 months old puppy particularly due to unawareness following which entire community demanded prophylaxis is discussed herewith. There is paucity for availability of guidelines for contact prophylaxis unlike pre and post-exposure in the country. Justifying the rationale use in public proclaiming of prophylaxis in contacts was a challenge. Keywords: Anti-rabies vaccination, contacts, prophylaxis, rabies victims
Preference of Objective Based Learning among Medical Students in a Teaching Hospital
(Institute of Medicine, 2018) Joshi, BR
Abstract In objective based learning, students are presented with an objective. It is in a form of question. By answering the question, the students learn the facts in an active way. A descriptive analytical study was conducted among undergraduate medical students of Institute of Medicine from Mar-Aug of 2017. Data was collected by using self administered questionnaire. The accumulated average marks were 33% and 72% after lecture and objective based learning methods respectively. All participants thought objective based learning is different and more effective method of learning. The objective based learning is more effective method than conventional lecture method of learning
Short term hearing results in patients with otosclerosis after stapedotomy in a tertiary care center
(Institute of Medicine, 2018) Rayamajhi, P; Rauniyar, N
Abstract Introduction: Stapedotomy done for otosclerosis is one of the finest middle ear surgery and needs great expertise. The present study is done to evaluate the short-term hearing results in patients with otosclerosis and treated with primary stapedotomy. Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients after stapedotomy surgery was done from April 2011 to October 2016. Stapedotomy was performed under local anesthesiausing a Teflon piston under local anesthesia. The patients were followed up after 6 weeks for the assessment of the hearing status. The hearing assessment was done using the Air Bone gap improvement and Air Bone gap closure (AB gap closure) pre and postoperatively. Results: Total of 73 cases were retrieved from hospital database. 3 cases were excluded and analysis of only 70 cases was done. Among the total patients 85.71% of the patients had bilateral involvement of the disease. The overall mean pre-operative pure tone Air conduction average was 55.66 dB, SD 11.576 (95% CI; 52.57-59212), while the overall mean post -operative pure tone average was 17.63 dB, SD 11.958 (95% CI; 14.70-21.57). This difference was found to be statistically significant (p = 0.000). The overall mean pre-operative air bone gap was 37.65 dB and the overall mean post -operative air bone gap was 18.47dB. This difference was found to be statistically significant (p = 0.000). Conclusion:This study confirms that stapedotomy for clinical otosclerosis is a safe and successful treatment for short-term hearing improvement. Both the AC threshold and AB gap closure showed significant improvement postoperatively. Key Words:otosclerosis, stapedotomy, air-bone gap, air conduction threshold, air bone gap closure, pure tone audiogram
Attitude of the Nursing Students and Practicing Nurses toward Nursing Profession in Nepal
(Institute of Medicine, 2018) Khatri, P; Sharma, MR
Abstract Introduction: Nursing is considered as a respectful profession giving a sense of value of life through their hard work such as comforting, caring and serving people and saving lives. Attitude can be formed from a person’s past and present. This profession continues to grow and the attitude of the society toward it has been changing gradually. There have been a few studies on the attitude of the nurses toward their own profession in Nepal. The primary objective of this study is to compare the attitude of the nursing students and the practicing nurses toward nursing profession. Methods: A quantitative, prospective comparative cross sectional study design was adapted for this study. Nursing students studying proficiency certificate level (PCL)in a Nursing campus, and the practicing nurses working at a Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH) in Kathmandu, Nepal were selected as study population. Attitude scale for nursing profession (ASNP) developed by Ipek-Coban and Kasikci in 2011 was adapted for the purpose of this study. Results: A total of 240 participants were selected for the study. One hundred and twenty were nursing students and 120 were practicing nurses. Only 0.8% of nursing students had negative attitude and all practicing nurses had positive attitude toward nursing profession. The t test {t(238)=-2.868, p=0.005} value of the comparative study denoted the attitude of the students and practicing nurses was different statistically. Conclusion: Contrary to previous beliefs, there is a strong positive attitude on nursing profession among both nursing students and practicing nurses, the attitude of the later reaching 100%. This should be considered by health care planner in formulating national policy to take a major step toward creating more scope for trained nurses which will in turn reduce brain drain. Key Words: Attitude, Nursing Profession, Nursing Students, Practicing Nurses
Efficacy of bronchial cytology in diagnosing lung lesions and its correlation with bronchial biopsy
(Institute of Medicine, 2018) Hirachand, S; Sthapit, RR; Gurung, P; Acharya, S
Abstract Introduction: Neoplastic and non-neoplastic lung lesions have a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Lung cancer is the frequently diagnosed cause for cancer related deaths and tuberculosis is still the leading cause of death in developing countries. Timely detection of disease plays an important role in the management and long term survival of patients. For early diagnosis different diagnostic modalities are available which include bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial brush, fine needle aspiration cytology and bronchial biopsy. Bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchial brush are very effective in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of lung cancers. Bronchial brushings often offer excellent specimens and accurate information about the site of the lesion. Better diagnostic yield is often obtained when cytologic techniques are used together with bronchial biopsy.The present study was undertaken to ascertain the role and diagnostic utility of bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial brush and bronchial biopsy in diagnosing lung lesions. Method: A prospective study was conducted in the Department of Pathology in Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Sinamangal, Kathmandu, Nepal from January 2016 to December 2017 (2 years). A total of 48 cases were included in the study. Bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial brush and bronchial biopsy slides were stained with routine cytological and histological staining and examined. Results: Out of 48 cases, bronchoalveolar lavage smears revealed 24 non-neoplastic, 19 neoplastic and 5 suspicious cases. Bronchial brush smears revealed 24 neoplastic, 22 non-neoplastic and 2 suspicious cases. Bronchoscopic biopsy revealed 31 neoplastic and 17 non-neoplastic lesions. The bronchial brush cytology showed sensitivity of 82.76%, specificity of 89.47% and accuracy of 85.42%. Conclusion: Combination of bronchial cytology and biopsy can be considered as the best procedures for the diagnosis of lung lesions. Keywords: Bronchoalveolar lavage, Bronchial brush, bronchial biopsy, non-neoplastic and neoplastic lung lesions
Common Health Problems and their contributing factors among elderly residing in Changu VDC
(Institute of Medicine, 2018) Khadka, A; Darai, A
Abstract Introduction: Aging is a normal biological phenomenon, and with the aging process different health issues started. The elderly population experience social isolation due to breakage of various bonds like work relationship, loss of relative and friends. The situation worsens when aged suffer with chronic diseases; lose their physical capabilities and financial insecurity. The objective of the study was to find out the common health problems and their contributing factors residing in Changu. Methods: This is a descriptive study which was conducted among 50 resident of ward number 3 of Changu VDC. A semi-structured questionnaire related to health problems and factors affecting health problems was used to collect information from the respondents. The information was collected by interview technique. Data were analyzed and interpreted according to frequency and percent. Results: The study showed that the majorities (66%) of the respondents were from the age group of 60-69 years and majorities (58%) were female. Among the total respondents, 56% had their spouse alive and most of the respondents had good relationship with their spouse (64%) and offsprings (69%). Few of the respondents (38%) had habit of smoking and only 12% had habit of drinking. The common health problems revealed through this study were gastritis (29%), followed by Asthma (27%), Hypertension (27%), Arthritis (13%), Diabetes Mellitus (10%), Heart disease (5%) and others. Psychological problems were found in few respondents. Depression was found only in 2% and boredom and loneliness in 10% and 5% respectively. The overall common health Problems among elderly were Asthma, Arthritis, Gastritis, Hypertension Diabetes Mellitus and Boredom as answered by the respondents. Conclusion: The above study concludes that most of the respondents were suffered from varieties of problems associated to physical, social, psychological and economic aspect of health Key words: Common Health Problem, elderly
Factors affecting stone clearance in Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
(Institute of Medicine, 2018) Poudyal, S; Rai, BDK; Dhital, P; Pradhan, M; Chapagain, S; Luitel, BR; Chalise, PR; Sharma, UK; Gyawali, PR
Abstract Introduction: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the treatment of choice for large and complex renal stones. It is of paramount importance to deliver the maximum clearance with minimal morbidity. There are different anatomical, stone-related and patient-related factors affecting the stone-free rate. This study is conducted to delineate the factors predicting stone clearance in PCNL. Methods: A prospectively maintained database of 114 cases, who underwent PCNL between January to October 2016 in Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, was analysed. Age, gender, body mass index, surgical and medical history, renal anomalies, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, tract size, type of tract dilatation, fluoroscopy time, stone density, stone location and burden, skin to stone distance, presence of hydronephrosis, and duration of surgery were correlated with the stone clearance. Stone clearance was evaluated with either X-ray or ultrasound of the kidneys, ureters and bladder up to three months of PCNL. Result: Stone clearance rate was 85.96%. Stone burden(p<0.001), stone location(p=0.03), number of calyces involved by stone(p<0.001) and presence of hydronephrosis(p=0.005) were statistically different between stone-free and stone-residue group. Multifactorial analysis showed that stone burden, location and no. of calyces involved by stone were the only factors effecting stone free rate. Area under curve for the stone burden was 0.842 (p<0.001). Conclusion: Stone burden, location and number of calyces involved by the stone are the principal factors determining the stone clearance in PCNL. Keywords: Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy, Renal calculi, Stone clearance
Intestinal Parasitic Infection with Nutritional Status among Orphan Children in three cities of Nepal: Prevalence and Associated risk factors
(Institute of Medicine, 2018) Chaudhary, RB; Bhattachan, B; Thapa Magar, D; Dhami, RS; Karki, AB; Sherchand, JB
Abstract Introduction: Intestinal parasitosis and malnutrition are common health problems among children in developing countries like Nepal. The aim is to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites along with nutritional status in orphan children and find out its risk factors. Methods: National Institute of Tropical Medicine and Public Health Research Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal had approved this research. Cross sectional study was conducted from January to June, 2014. Stool samples were collected in clean wide mouthed plastic container from ≤ 15 year’s children of different orphanages in Chitwan, Kaski and Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. Socio-demographic information was collected using a structured questionnaire. Formalin-ether-sedimentation technique was done for detection of cyst and eggs of parasites. For nutritional status, anthropometric measurements were taken at the time of interview. Results: In total of 309 orphan children (male: 167, female: 142), 20.3% (63/309) had some kinds of cysts or eggs of parasites.Altogether six different parasites were detected; in which infection rate of Entamoeba coli was highest 5.2% (16/309), followed by Giardia lamblia 3.6% (11/309), Entamoebahistolytica 3.6% (11/309), Trichuris trichiura 2.9% (9/309), Hymenolepis nana 2.3% (7/309) and Ascaris lumbricoides 1.2%(4/309). 1.6% had multiparasites. The prevalence of malnutrition was found to be 16.1% (50/309). Among those malnutrited children, infection rate of parasites in obesity and thinness children were found 31.3% (5/16), and 25.8% (8/31) respectively. Conclusion: Intestinal parasites and malnutrition are associated each other in orphan children with its risk factor like age, sex and other behavioral activities. Prevalence of protozoa was found higher than helminthes. Obesity was predominance in malnutrition children. Keywords: Intestinal parasites, Nutritional status, Orphan-children, Kathmandu, Kaski, Chitwan, Nepal
Impact of cancer on Nepalese patients and their caretakers
(Institute of Medicine, 2018) Dhungana, A
Abstract Introduction: Cancer is today’s burning healthcare issue. Disease itself as well as side effects from treatment has massive impact on patients’ lives. Tragic disease consequences happen, further worsened by inevitable adverse reactions of treatment. This study attempts to measure the various impact of disease among Nepalese cancer patients and their caretakers. Methods: This was a hospital based descriptive cross sectional study conducted in Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital for two months on l98 adult cancer patients and 20 caretakers. Face to face interview was done with semi structured interview schedule, 0-10 Numeric Pain Intensity Scale, Kuppuswamy’s Socioeconomic Status Scale and Beck’s Depression Inventory. Data entry and analysis was done on IBM SPSS V20. Results: Disease was seen in advanced age group with no sex wise variations. Majority was married, literate, from rural area, of upper caste and upper lower socioeconomic status. Cancer of lung, rectum and bile duct were more frequent in male in contrary to that of breast, ovary and cervix in female. Majority suffered from various impact of disease and side effects of the treatment like pain, depression, fatigue, weight loss, diminished physical activity and financial burden. Family members were equally prone to depression. Conclusion: Patients and their families are cosufferers in the battle against cancer. To confront the mounting impact of cancer epidemic in Nepal, cancer should be given high priority in national health programs, and population based cancer registry should be immediately established. Key words: Cancer, Caretakers, Depression, Nepalese patients, Pain, Physical activity, Side effects
Feasibility study of acute thrombolytic therapy for stroke in a tertiary care center in Nepal
(Institute of Medicine, 2018) Pradhan, S; Shrestha, PS; Acharya, SP; Prasad, PN
Abstract Introduction: Early thrombolysis is the recommended therapy for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). In a developing country like Nepal, many factors contribute to the delay in performing prompt thrombolysis. This was a feasibility study to assess the determinants of pre-hospital delay for patients diagnosed with AIS. Methods: From 16th July to 16th September 2017, patients diagnosed with AIS in the emergency department (ED) were identified and a structured interview with the patient or next of kin was performed. Various pre-hospital time intervals and possible factors resulting in delay were assessed. Results: A total of 58 AIS patients were studied. Only 12% of the total patients underwent thrombolysis. The mean delay (+/-sd) from symptom onset to first contact with a medical personnel was 6.74 (+/- 7.84) hours. The mean (+/-sd) total arrival delay to ED was 15.78 (+/-17.48) hours. The mean (+/-sd) delay in dispatch to delivery time was 9.12 (+/-15.57) hours. Ten patients (17%) arrived to our ED within 3 hours of onset of symptoms, and 14 (24%) arrived within 4.5 hours of onset of symptoms. Fifty percent of those who presented on time for thrombolysis underwent the therapy. Conclusions: This study shows that there are major obstacles before we are able to provide adequate thrombolysis services for AIS. There remain plenty of areas where the government, the hospital and public health services need immediate addressing. Key words: feasibility, ischaemic stroke, pre-hospital delay, thrombolysis
Psychosocial Stress during Pregnancy and its Relation to Fetal Outcome: A Study from Patan Hospital, Lalitpur, Nepal
(Institute of Medicine, 2018) Sandesh, P; Bruce, H; Yadav, BK; Sharma, P
Abstract Introduction: Psychosocial stress during pregnancy influences birth-weight, gestational age and intrauterine growth. However, it is not known how stress influences pregnancy in Nepalese women. Methodology: We conducted a cross-sectional prospective observational study among the pregnant women attending Antenatal Checkup (ANC) at the ANC of Patan Hospital using self-administered questionnaire. Stress was measured by 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and stressful life events by 21 item modified life events inventory. Sample size was 226. Women who delivered at Maternity ward of the hospital after 28 weeks of gestation, irrespective of the outcome were eligible for analysis. Results: Low Birth Weight (LBW), prematurity and Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) were 13(5.8%), 28(13%) and 10(4.4%) respectively. LBW, prematurity and IUGR among the stressed women were 15.9%, 7.5% and 7.5% compared to 10.8%, 4.9% and 2.7% respectively among the non-stressed women. Women with >2 stressful life events were likely to have prematurity (p=0.017) and IUGR (p=0.017). These babies were prone for fetal complications. Women with growth restricted fetus had higher maternal complications (p=0.03). Conclusion: Stress during pregnancy was associated with prematurity and IUGR. These babies were more prone for fetal and maternal complications. Stressful life events affected adverse pregnancy outcome. Key words:IUGR; LBW; Nepal; pregnancy; prematurity; stress.
Prevalence of Dental Deep bite in Nepalese Adolescents of Kathmandu Valley
(Institute of Medicine, 2018) Yadav, R; Shrestha, BK; Yadav, N; Basel, P
Abstract Introduction: Deep bite is defined as vertical overlap of upper teeth on the labial surface of lower teeth in centric occlusion when exceeds the normal range of 1-2 mm. Deep bite can be classified into skeletal and dental deep bite. Skeletal deep bites are usually of genetic origin. Dental deep bites occur due to over-eruption of anterior teeth, infra-occlusion of molars or its combination. It may jeopardize the periodontal support, occlusion itself or TMJ. Methods: It is a cross-sectional descriptive study. The study population included 14-18 year-old adolescents studying in high school of all three districts of Kathmandu Valley. An evaluation form was developed categorizing different levels of deep bite following WHO guidelines 1985 and accordingly data were recorded on it. Results: Out of 935 screened students 80.4% had Normal bite and 19.6% had Deep bite.2.7%had Severe deep bite but no trauma to palatal mucosa where as 3.8% had traumatic bite. Normal over bite in Female was 84% and male was 77.7%. Deep bite in male was 22.3% and female was 16%. Conclusion: The prevalence of dental deep bite was found to be 1/4th of normal overbite in Nepalese adolescents of Kathmandu valley. Prevalence of severe deep bite with trauma to palatal mucosa was relatively higher than with to trauma. Females showed higher prevalence of normal overbite than males where as males showed higher prevalence of deep bite than females. Key words: Deep bite, palatal mucosa, Traumatic bite, High school students, Prevalence
Correlation Of Linear Measurements Of Spleen With Splenic Volume in Computed Tomography
(Institute of Medicine, 2018) Suwal, S; Subedi, K; Gurung, G
Abstract Introduction: The purpose of this study was to assess the normal linear measurements of spleen in Nepalese adults by Computed Tomography (CT) and their correlation with splenic volume. Methods: This was a prospective cross sectional observational study done in 264 peoples undergoing abdominal CT examination for various clinical indications not pertaining to spleen, in Department of Radiology & Imaging, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH). Four linear measurements of spleen were obtained in axial plane. Craniocaudal length of the spleen was also obtained. The volume was obtained by adding cross-sectional area of spleen from 10 mm contiguous axial images and multiplying them with the slice thickness. The relationships between various linear measurements of spleen with spleenic volume were derived. Results: The mean length of spleen along long axis was 9.3 +/-1.3 cm, and the mean length along the craniocaudal axis was 7.6+/-1.5 cm. The mean width, maximum thickness, and thickness at hilum of the spleen were 9.3 +/- 1.7 cm, 5.1+/-1.2 and 3.2+/-0.6 cm respectively. The mean splenic volume was 151.20 cm3 ± 59.62 cm3. Significant positive correlations were noted between linear measurements and volume, the strongest being the width followed by the craniocaudal length. Conclusion: Linear measurements of the spleen in CT show stong correlation with volume and hence can replace the splenic volume measurements while defining splenomegaly. Key words: Computed Tomography, Spleen, Linear measurement, Volume
Morphometric study of trachea in adult cadavers
(Institute of Medicine, 2018) Bhandari, R; Ranjit, N; Shrestha, R; Shrestha, A; Adhikari, B; Shrestha, RN
Abstract Introduction: Knowledge of tracheal morphometry is essential for carrying out interventional procedures of the airway like endotracheal intubation, tracheostomy and tracheal stenting. It has been described that the length of human trachea ranges from 10 to 11 cm and the internal tracheal diameter in transverse axis is about 12 mm in adults. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the tracheal length and its internal and external diameters from adult Nepalese cadavers. Methods: A total number of 182 cadavers, 132 male and 50 female, with Nepalese nationality were studied. The study subjects were 18 years or above. Tracheal length, internal and external tracheal diameters in anteroposterior and transverse axes were measured after photographic record of the sample. Result: The mean tracheal length was 82.87±8.3 mm in male and77.59±9.3 mm in female. The TEDAP were 18.95±2.0 mm and 15.83±2.2 mm in male and female respectively. The TEDTR were 23.73±3.5 mm and 20.70±3.0 mm in males and females respectively. The TIDAP in males was 9.34±2.2 mm and in females was 6.88±1.7 mm. The TIDTR was 13.24±2.9 mm in males and 10.51±2.9 mm in females. Conclusion: The tracheal dimensions of our study showed marked dissimilarity with those of the studies conducted in western population. Keywords: endotracheal intubation, tracheal diameter, tracheal length
Pattern of impacted mandibular third molar angulation in patients visiting Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital
(Institute of Medicine, 2018) Dahal, S; KC, K; Agrawal, NK
Abstract Introduction:The most common tooth to get impacted is the third molar. An impacted tooth can cause complications like pericoronitis, resorption of roots of adjacent tooth and temporomandibularjoint problems. Methods:We examined orthopantomogram radiographs of 360 patients (151 males, 209 females) with bilateral impaction. Impacted mandibular third molars were classified into mesioangular, horizontal, vertical and distoangular based on angulation. Results:Mesioangular impaction was the commonest form of impaction for sexes combined, males and females except for mandibular right side in females. Distoangular impaction was the least observed. For right side, there was a significant association between sex and the type of impaction of mandibular third molar. However, there was no significant association for the left side. Conclusion:Mesioangular form of impaction for mandibular third molar was the most common in our study, and distoangular form of impaction was the least observed.
A study on fine needle aspiration cytology of epididymal nodules
(Institute of Medicine, 2018) Thapa, R; Gurung, P; Kafle, N; Pradhanang, S; Hirchand, S; Lakhey, M; Joshi, R
Abstract Introduction: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a rapid and relatively inexpensive technique used extensively in the diagnosis of a large variety of neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions in many organs.There are very few literature reports documenting the role of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the evaluation of epididymal nodules. The aim of this study was to highlight the cytomorphologic features of FNAC in epididymal nodules. Methods: A descriptive study was carried out in all the patients presented with palpable epididymal nodules for FNAC over a period of two and half years in department of pathology, Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital, Sinamangal, Kathmandu. FNAC was performed using 23 gauge needle with 10ml syringe. Smears were routinely stained with PAP, Giemsa stain and Special stains whenever needed. Results: A total of 31 cases of non – neoplastic lesions were identified. Age ranged from 15 to 52 years. Majority of cases were of tuberculous epididymitis accounting for 38.70%. Conclusions: FNAC serves as an important tool to screen and diagnose all palpable epididymal nodules and provides information for further management. Keywords: Fine needle aspiration cytology, epididymal nodules, neoplastic, non-neoplastic lesions

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